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Schizencephaly is a rare congenital cortical brain malformation defined by unilateral or bilateral clefts of the cerebral hemispheres. These malformations are often associated with medically intractable epilepsy.
Malignant gliomas account for approximately 70% of the 22,500 new cases of malignant primary brain tumors that are diagnosed in adults in the United States each year.
Previous functional MRI studies in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (AMCI), a putative, prodromal form of Alzheimer's disease, reveal substantial regional changes in brain activation during episodic memory function.
Malnutrition is associated with both structural and functional pathology of the brain. A wide range of cognitive deficits has been reported in malnourished children. Effect of chronic protein energy malnutrition (PEM) causing stunting and wasting in children could also affect the ongoing development of higher cognitive processes during childhood (>5 years of age).
Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 32(4):651-659, July/August 2008
Heterogeneity analysis has been studied for radiological imaging, but few methods have been developed for functional images. Diffuse heterogeneous perfusion frequently appears in brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images, but objective quantification is lacking. An automatic method, based on random walk (RW) theory, has been developed to quantify perfusion heterogeneity.
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 14(5):389-396, September 2008
Venous thromboembolism is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after stroke. Its potential for prevention is substantial with the use of antithrombotic agents, but there is no agreement on the relative advantages and disadvantages of various available prophylactic drugs. There have been recent publications that clarify some of these issues.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a very sensitive tool for the early diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. This is employed in some stroke centers as the primary screening tool to select patients eligible for thrombolysis.
Neurocritical Care 1541-6933 (Print) 10.1007/s12028-008-9120-9
Adequate caloric intake is associated with improved outcome in neurocritical illness, but factors influencing the provision of enteral nutrition (EN) have not been systematically evaluated.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008;198:493-499
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important mosquito-borne viral encephalitis and has a high case fatality rate. It is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus.
J Am Acad Orthop Surg, Vol 16, No 8, August 2008, 462-470
Cerebrovascular accidents often produce significant pathology, including upper extremity muscle contractures and deformities that may be painful and aesthetically unappealing and that interfere with activities of daily living and hygiene.
The relationship between glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and stroke has not been fully elucidated. In addition, there have been few reports from Asia, and few trials have been conducted for each stroke subtype.
Impairments in cognition and motivationare common after stroke and predict poor functional recovery. Pharmacological agents that enhance cognition and/or diminish apathy may, when combined with traditional rehabilitative efforts, improve functional recovery.
The main purpose of this study was to place a virtual reality (VR) system, designed to assess and to promote motor performance in the affected upper extremity in subjects after stroke, in a nonhospital environment.
Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 32(4):645-650, July/August 2008
To investigate whether the prognosis of ischemic tissues in acute cerebral ischemia can be predicted using perfusion computed tomography-derived parameters and, if so, which are the most useful.
Approximately 10-20% of stroke cases have normal blood pressure (BP). The objective of this study was to explore whether the risk of ischemic stroke is related to the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and atherosclerotic lesions in a cohort of subjects with normal BP.
Independent living movements of disabled people are emerging in Asian countries, supported by independent living centres (ILCs) in Japan. A study was conducted in Japan to explore the impact of the training program offered by Japanese ILCs to disabled people from other Asian countries.
In 2005 New Zealand signalled its intention to reform legal services by contracting research on disabled people's priorities in Auckland. The Legal Services Agency reported that because many disabled people do not have access to necessary legal services in New Zealand their priorities should be identified.
Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 0262-0898 (Print) 10.1007/s10585-008-9193-z
Interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment are crucial to tumor formation and metastasis. The central nervous system serves as a "sanctuary" site for metastasis, resulting in poor prognosis in diagnosed patients.
In Cambodia, spina bifida is rare, but frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocoeles (MECs) are common. Mean life expectancy for patients with congenital MECs may be <20 years, but the complex treatment required has not been available in the country until recently.
Japanese encephalitis is a major public health problem in Asia. However, there is little data on the long-term outcome of Japanese encephalitis survivors.
Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH), based on clinical observations, delineates neuronal networks for interpreting consciousness generation and decision-making. The Iowa gambling task (IGT) was designed to verify the SMH.
Pediatric Blood & Cancer Published Online: 25 Jul 2008
Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy (PRES) is a clinical-radiological event that can affect children undergoing chemotherapy regimen. Studies have shown that it is not always reversible, in spite of its original definition. We analyzed PRES cases which occurred during the last 10 years at our institute to focus on their clinical, radiological and EEG follow-up.
We analyzed whether genetic variation of {alpha}-synuclein modulates the extent of neuropathological changes in a population-based autopsied sample of 272 elderly Finns.
Propofol may produce amnesia by affecting encoding. The hypothesis that propofol weakens encoding was tested by measuring regional cerebral blood flow during verbal encoding.
In stroke and other brain disorders, severely affected phenotypes often impair decision-making capacity. Severity is in part under genomic control. Therefore, scientifically valid research into genetic risk may require inclusion of such impaired individuals.
Recent data on stroke mortality in diabetics in the United States is lacking. We investigated trends in diabetes prevalence and stroke morality among diabetics in a large veteran cohort.
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, Vol. 23, No. 4, 263-267 (2008)
This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in arterial blood pressure management during hypervolemia/hypertension/ hemodilution therapy in patients with vasospasm from subarachnoid hemorrhage and correlate this data with neurologic outcome.
Acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is a leading cause of death and disability within the United Kingdom. Despite evidence of the benefit of thrombolysis for appropriately selected patients with AIS, this intervention remains markedly underutilised in this country when compared with other developed countries. The delivery of thrombolysis for AIS has become a political, as well as a clinical, priority in the United Kingdom.
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are frequently used to treat several conditions that are common in women of childbearing age, including epilepsy, headaches, and mood disorders.
Treatment issues following a first unprovoked seizure are discussed, using an approach that emphasizes weighing the relative risks and benefits of the therapeutic decisions.
The diagnosis of ischemic stroke can be difficult. CT may be normal in the early stages of ischemic stroke or in patients with minor symptoms and MR is not always possible. Many blood markers have been proposed for the diagnosis of stroke in the acute setting.
The advent of multiple new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the past 15 years has provided new options for clinicians treating patients with epilepsy, but has also created a need for guidelines in AED use.
Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are considered by patients to be at least as important as repetitive seizures in terms of quality of life. AED toxicity is frequent and contributes to a high proportion of treatment failures.
The level of anticoagulation at the time of stroke onset may influence the size, composition, and dissolution rate of the occlusive clot. We explored the relation between admission international normalized ratio (INR) and acute infarct volume in patients with ischemic stroke.
The association between left atrial (LA) size, ischemic stroke, and death has not been well established in African Americans despite their disproportionately higher rates of stroke and cardiovascular mortality compared to non-Hispanic whites.
The search for effective neuroprotectants remains frustrating, particularly with regard to specific pharmaceuticals. However, laboratory studies have consistently shown remarkable neuroprotection with 2 nonpharmacological strategies-therapeutic hypothermia and ischemic preconditioning.
Systemic injection of hematopoietic stem cells after ischemic cardiac or neural lesions is one approach to promote tissue repair. However, mechanisms of possible protective or reparative effects are poorly understood.
International Urology and Nephrology 0301-1623 (Print) 10.1007/s11255-008-9431-y
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is characterized by abnormalities in cerebral white matter and neurologic symptoms. It can be caused by immunosuppressive drugs or autoimmune diseases.
Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED) can occur in isolation or in association with epilepsy, but the genetic causes and pathophysiological mechanisms are still poorly understood.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a distinctive and potentially serious complication of the nephrotic syndrome. The objective of the present study is to characterize the factors predisposing the development of PRES in paediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome.
Journal of Neural Transmission 0300-9564 (Print) 10.1007/s00702-008-0094-8
Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease with erythrocyte membrane dysfunction, progressive hyperkinesia, and neuropsychological abnormalities.
To prospectively determine the sensitivity and specificity of functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for mapping language and motor functions in patients with a focal mass adjacent to eloquent cortex, by using intraoperative electrocortical mapping (ECM) as the reference standard.
For nearly a century, glial neoplasms have been classified by microscopic features alone with treatment prescribed based on histology using a "one-size-fits-all" formula. However, recent advances in our understanding of the molecular events underlying gliomagenesis are beginning to change the way we think about the diagnostic classification of gliomas.
Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 2 Page : 103-105
Here, we report sudden, unexplained neurological collapse in 14 young people while bathing with hot water associated with the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-based water heaters (gas geysers) in ill-ventilated bathrooms.
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment, as delay is associated with a higher likelihood of poor response to treatment and worse outcome.
Antidepressants that selectively block serotonin uptake may cause unwanted effects on cognitive functions such as impairment of vigilance and memory. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial was performed to examine the effects of venlafaxine, a selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI), on cognitive functions and quantitative EEG (qEEG) in humans.
Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 2 Page : 114-115
A 60-year-old male with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) after 6 months of fludarabine therapy was admitted with status epilepticus and developed left hemiplegia. His magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple T2 hyperintense lesions in the right frontal and left parieto-occipital lesion, simulating progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML).
Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 2 Page : 116-118
Intradural venous sinuses are commonly visualized structures in the CT brain, even in noncontrast images. Rarely, hypoattenuating focal lesions may be observed within their lumen as a coincidental finding, which may remain undiagnosed. However, when such lesions appear in the patients who are scanned for head injury, they might pose diagnostic difficulties.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 0167-594X (Print) 10.1007/s11060-008-9654-x
The aim of present study is to explore the immunohistochemical profiles of brain metastases from breast cancer. We retrospectively performed immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2/neu), and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 in 29 patients with resected tumor specimens of brain metastases.
Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 2 Page : 119-122
An 8-year-old boy, diagnosed as cervical dystonia, was referred to our tertiary center. After a trivial trauma he had developed painful lumps in the axial region, which was followed by restricted movements of neck, shoulder, and abdominal muscles over 4 months.
Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 2 Page : 68-81
Neurological dysfunction is an important manifestation of inherited metabolic disorders. Although these are more common in childhood, adult onset forms with a different clinical presentation are often encountered.
Annals of Tropical Paediatrics: International Child Health, Volume 28, Number 2, June 2008 , pp. 155-159(5)
Cerebral vasculitis associated with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is rare. A 13-year-old girl presented with severe headache, vomiting, oedema and macroscopic haematuria.
The potential effects of the dopamine agonist rotigotine on cardiac repolarization were studied in patients with Parkinson's disease, which affects electrocardiogram (ECG) quality.
There are now more than 10 million cancer survivors in the United States. With these numbers, chronic sequelae that result from cancer therapy have become a major health care problem.
External counterpulsation (ECP) improves coronary perfusion, increases left ventricular stroke volume similar to intraaortic balloon counterpulsation, and recruits arterial collaterals within ischemic territories.
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008, doi:10.1164/rccm.200804-606OC
Children with congenital or late-onset central hypoventilation syndrome (CHS) hypoventilate during sleep, although they generally breathe adequately during wakefulness. Previous studies suggest that they have compromised central integration of afferent stimuli, rather than abnormal sensors or receptors.
There are many unique characteristics in elderly patients with epilepsy. The incidence of seizure in this age group is the highest of any age group and continues to increase as people live longer.
Studies suggest statins ameliorate aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced cerebral vasospasm and ischemic complications. We tested safety and feasibility of simvastatin 80 mg/d for vasospasm prevention in SAH patients.
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, Volume 9, Number 11, August 2008 , pp. 1859-1868(10)
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of fetal malformations. Concern is expressed about the effects that AEDs may produce on the child's cognition and development.
To prospectively determine whole-brain atrophy rate in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD) and its association with cognitive decline, and investigate the risk of progression to dementia in initially nondemented patients given baseline brain volume and whole-brain atrophy rate.
American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 336(1):27-31, July 2008
Increasing evidences show that disruption of carotid plaque followed by arterio-arterial thromboembolism is an important mechanism in the generation of ischemic stroke. Inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in transforming structurally vulnerable plaques into functionally unstable ones. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the roles of carotid plaque vulnerability and inflammation in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke.
Psychiatric disorders, such as mood, anxiety, attention deficit, and psychotic disorders, are among the most frequent comorbidities experienced by patients with epilepsy.
Epilepsy surgery treatment should be considered as standard of care for all patients with medically intractable partial-onset epilepsy who are found to be good surgical candidates based on their presurgical evaluation.
Learning from one's mistakes is the best learning tool in medicine and this applies as well to epilepsy. This article is a compilation of some of the frequent mistakes that are made in the evaluation and management of patients with epilepsy.
Aminocaproic acid (EACA) is an antifibrinolytic agent used to prevent rebleeding in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although studies have found that a decrease in rebleeding with long-term antifibrinolytic therapy is offset by an increase in ischemic deficits, more recent studies have indicated that early, short-term therapy may be beneficial.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a relatively rare cause of stroke with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, primarily due to the occurrence of delayed vasospasm. To date, many therapies have been proposed to help prevent vasospasm, but very few have been proven effective.
Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol. 21, No. 4, 244-253 (2008)
The most efficacious symptomatic agent for Parkinson's disease is levodopa; however, the development of motor complications with long-term therapy is concerning. In the modern day treatment of Parkinson's disease, non-levodopa agents (eg, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors) should be considered as appropriate initial treatments.
Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol. 21, No. 4, 273-277 (2008)
This review was conducted to establish the degree to which depression can intensify and further complicate the difficulty of living with Parkinson's disease.
Existing brain imaging studies, investigating sexual arousal via the presentation of erotic pictures or film excerpts, have mainly used blocked designs with long stimulus presentation times.
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 52(1):18-27, July 2008
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cause for thromboembolic stroke. Oral anticoagulation with warfarin is still the most effective therapy in patients with AF, who are at an increased risk for stroke.
Investigative Radiology. 43(8):559-567, August 2008
To compare three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight (TOF)-magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 3 T with 3D TOF-MRA and ultrafast contrast-enhanced (CE)-MRA at 1.5 T and to determine the optimum MRA sequence for follow-up of cerebral aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs).
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 0344-5704 (Print) 10.1007/s00280-008-0792-9
Resistance of neoplastic cells to the alkylating drug BCNU [1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea] has been correlated with expression of O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, which repairs the O 6-chloroethylguanine produced by the drug.
The cerebral hemodynamics in unilateral moyamoya disease have not been clarified. The present study was done to clarify the clinical characteristics of patients with unilateral moyamoya disease compared to those with typical moyamoya disease or occlusive lesions of the internal carotid artery, terminal portion or middle cerebral artery.
Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol. 21, No. 4, 262-272 (2008)
Parkinson disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that commonly affects elderly persons. In the absence of neuroprotective or curative therapies, currently available therapies only provide symptomatic benefit.
Investigative Radiology. 43(8):552-558, August 2008
White matter lesions (WML) have been proven to be associated with cognitive impairment. As (1) the decline of cognitive function is the most frequent comorbid disorder in epilepsy, and (2) patients with epilepsy have a relatively high prevalence of WML, the question is raised whether WML in patients with epilepsy are also associated with cognitive decline.
Although aspirin (ASA) remains the most popular and accepted agent for secondary stroke prevention, its efficacy does not exceed 25%. Platelet function monitoring in ASA users suggests that some individuals exhibit a reduced or even absent antiplatelet response after ASA.
Ultrasound perfusion imaging (UPI) is a new approach for the assessment of brain perfusion. In contrast to the increasing experience with this method in patients with ischemic stroke, data on the value of UPI for the diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are lacking.
Fluoxetine may improve the poststroke emotional disturbances. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of fluoxetine on quality of life (QOL) over time in stroke patients with emotional disturbances.
The main object was to examine the diagnostic performance of a novel combination of a specific real-time PCR (combined real-time PCR) for immediate and simultaneous detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis and of a real-time PCR of the 16S rRNA gene (16S DNA). During 12 months, 1015 routine CSF samples were consecutively collected from patients in the County of Aarhus, Denmark.
Clinical Endocrinology, Volume 69, Number 2, August 2008 , pp. 285-291(7)
The occurrence of antipituitary antibodies (APA) in patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia (IH) and the effects of dopamine agonists on these antibodies and long-term pituitary function outcome have been so far not evaluated. This longitudinal study was aimed at investigating, in patients with IH the occurrence of APA and the effect of cabergoline on the pituitary function and behaviour of APA.
Cancer vaccine trials have failed to yield robust immune-correlated clinical improvements as observed in animal models, fueling controversy over the utility of human cancer vaccines.
The prognosis of patients suffering from glioblastoma (GBM) is dismal despite multimodal therapy. Although chemotherapy with temozolomide may contain tumor growth for some months, invariable tumor recurrence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSC) maintaining these tumors persist. We have therefore investigated the effect of temozolomide on CD133+ and CD133-GBM CSC lines.
We aimed to study whether variations in vasoregulatory endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS 4a/b) and tissue-injury-associated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS R5/4) genes and smoking might explain gender differences in long-term survival after stroke.
Limited resources prevent specialized care in community hospitals (CH) challenging geographical equity. We studied the impact of a regional interhospital network based on urgent transfer from 4 CH to a referral stroke center (RSC).
Regions of hypoxia within glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are common and may influence a tumor's aggressiveness, response to treatment, and the patient's overall survival. In this study, the authors examined 4 markers of hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 [HIF-1], glucose transporter 1 [GLUT-1], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and carbonic anhydrase 9 [CA IX]), cellular proliferation and microvascular density (MVD) indices, extent of surgical resection, and preoperative imaging characteristics and compared them with the overall survival rates of adults with GBM.
Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 2 Page : 109-113
Neuroretinitis is a less-known clinical entity, which can be funduscopically confused with papillitis or papilledema and with hypertensive, renal and infiltrative retinopathies as well as with retinal vein occlusion or anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is rare but causes severe pain. We retrospectively evaluated preoperative MR images of patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia caused by neurovascular compression.
Cluster headache (CH) is a primary headache disease characterized by recurrent short-lasting attacks (15 to 180 minutes) of excruciating unilateral periorbital pain accompanied by ipsilateral autonomic signs (lacrimation, nasal congestion, ptosis, miosis, lid edema, redness of the eye).
Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 21(3):286-289, May 2008
Psychosis following traumatic brain injury has been studied in both prospective and retrospective studies that have been frequently limited by unclear criteria for classifying psychiatric syndromes or case ascertainment bias regarding traumatic brain injury.
The present study was undertaken to assess the ability of bedside transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS) to define the course and the patterns of the division of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) M1 segment compared with 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 3 T.
Flow metabolism coupling ensures adequate cerebral oxygenation. When subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurs, the flow metabolism coupling lost its balance and results in cerebral ischemia and infarction second to cortical magnesium and energy metabolism alternation. During chronic vasospasm, change in cortical energy metabolism is coupled with change in cerebral blood flow after SAH.
Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 23(4):197-208, July/August 2008
To investigate the relation of white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to cognitive and functional outcome of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children.
Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 23(4):230-242, July/August 2008
A dearth of standardized assessment tools exists to properly assess and triage mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in primary care and acute care settings. This article presents evidence of appropriate psychometric properties for the Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE), a new structured clinical interview.
Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 23(4):220-229, July/August 2008
This article discusses key issues to consider and selected approaches for assessing participation of school-aged children with traumatic brain injury. Approaches discussed include measures that explicitly assess participation, subsections from other measures that implicitly assess participation, and tailored methods that assess outcomes linked to person-centered goals or programs and interventions that address participation.
Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 23(4):243-251, July/August 2008
There is a lack of empirical evidence of effectiveness for instructional interventions for children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This article addresses this issue by providing an in-depth examination of instructional methodologies validated with other populations of students (with and without disability) and their potential for teaching children with TBI.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 221-222
The differential diagnosis of multi-focal enhancing lesions in cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often difficult and includes a wide spectrum of differential diagnoses including atypical idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating lesions.
Early feeding via a nasogastric tube (NGT) is recommended as safe way of supplying nutrition in patients with acute dysphagic stroke. However, preliminary evidence suggests that NGTs themselves may interfere with swallowing physiology. In the present study we therefore investigated the impact of NGTs on swallowing function in acute stroke patients.
Ideal surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas remains a major challenge for neurosurgeons. Craniopharyngiomas grow in the deep-seated hypothalamic area that is paramount for vegetative, emotional and endocrine function, and for maintaining worthwhile life.
We sought to describe the proportion of acute ischemic stroke admissions for very old patients (ge85 years), compare the characteristics of very old versus younger patients and identify factors among very old patients associated with adverse outcomes.
Medication nonadherence can be as high as 50% and results in suboptimal patient outcomes. Stroke patients in particular can benefit from pharmacotherapy for thrombosis, hypertension, and dyslipidemia but are at high risk for medication nonpersistence.
Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 21(7):322-329, July 2008
The authors assessed the educational needs of adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) in the prevention and early detection of pressure ulcers (PrUs). Specific recommendations are provided for the top needs identified, along with key issues to consider in implementing solutions.
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Volume 66, Number 2, August 2008 , pp. 304-307(4)
The SCN1A gene encodes the {alpha} subunit of the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel, which is a target for carbamazepine and other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).
Pediatric Emergency Care. 24(7):474-475, July 2008
Unintentional ingestion of bupropion in young children has generally resulted in limited toxicity. We report a case of pediatric bupropion ingestion resulting in multiple seizures.
Warfarin reduces stroke risk in studies of predominantly white patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether nonwhites also have lower rates of stroke while treated with warfarin is unclear.
The concept of the neurovascular unit suggests that effects on brain vasculature must be considered if neuroprotection is to be achieved in stroke. We previously reported that 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is upregulated in the peri-infarct area after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, and 12/15-LOX contributes to brain damage after ischemia-reperfusion.
The purpose of this statement is to review the literature on childhood stroke and to provide recommendations for optimal diagnosis and treatment. This statement is intended for physicians who are responsible for diagnosing and treating infants, children, and adolescents with cerebrovascular disease.
Brain inflammation is a hallmark of stroke, where it has been implicated in tissue damage as well as in repair. Imaging technologies that specifically visualize these processes are highly desirable.
The neutral results of the SAINT II trial have again highlighted difficulties translating neuroprotective efficacy from bench to bedside. Animal studies are susceptible to study quality biases, which may lead to overstatement of efficacy. We report the impact of study quality on published estimates of the efficacy of NXY-059 in animal models of stroke.
Walking is an essential activity for daily life and social participation, and it is frequently limited after stroke. A lack of knee flexion during the swing phase (stiff knee) is one of the impairments that restrict walking ability among patients with hemiparetic spasticity.
Although it has been hypothesized that a high intake of dietary calcium may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), no prospective studies have been conducted to examine the specific association between calcium intake and incidence of stroke or coronary heart disease among Japanese with a low average calcium intake.
The natural history, causative factors, and outcomes of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis from Asia and Middle East have not been well described. This descriptive multicenter study describes the results for cerebral venous thrombosis patients in South Asia and the Middle East.
A cerebral aneurysm (CA) causes catastrophic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Degradation of extracellular matrix in arterial walls is a prominent feature of cerebral aneurysms. We investigated the expression and role of cysteine cathepsins, collagen- and elastin- degrading proteinases, in CA progression.
Although chemokines have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, few studies have addressed the role of these inflammatory mediators in ischemic stroke.
Public stroke recognition is poor and poses a barrier to acute stroke treatment. We describe a stroke literacy program that teaches elementary school children in high-risk communities to recognize stroke and form an urgent action plan; we then present results of an intervention study using the program.
The rarity of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae makes physicians often overlook this potential diagnosis in patients with progressive gait disturbance and paraparesis. Consequently, patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae can gradually become completely paraplegic if the final diagnosis is delayed considerably.
After surgical resection, the residual, invasive glioblastoma (GBM) cells give rise to a recurrent tumor, which, in 96% of patients, arises adjacent to the resection margin.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the growth kinetics of metastatic brain tumors during chemotherapy and to analyze growth rates and volumetric doubling time of metastatic brain tumors in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tumor regrowth.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 0167-594X (Print) 10.1007/s11060-008-9645-y
Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare tumor arising from the olfactory epithelium in the upper nasal cavity. Prior reviews have found efficacy of chemotherapy for high grade tumors in the advanced setting.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3, 2008
The term 'acquired brain injury' (ABI) incorporates a range of aetiologies including cerebrovascular accident, brain tumour and traumatic brain injury. ABI is a common cause of disability in the paediatric population, and dysarthria is a common and often persistent sequelae associated with ABI in children.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3, 2008
Standard treatment for high grade glioma (HGG) usually entails biopsy or surgical resection where possible followed by radiotherapy. Systemic chemotherapy is usually only given in selected cases and its use is often limited by side effects.
Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system results from chronic bleeding in the superficial layers of the cortex and spinal cord. In cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), there is amyloid deposition in meningeal and meningo-cortical arteries and capillaries, predisposing them to rupture. CAA is frequently associated with Alzheimer disease (AD).
Many studies have shown a U-shape association between sleep duration and mortality, but epidemiological evidence linking cardiovascular diseases with habitual sleep patterns is limited and mixed.
Knowledge of the vascular territory of a recent transient ischemic attack or minor stroke determines appropriate investigations and the need for territory-specific interventions such as endarterectomy and stenting. However, there are few published data on the accuracy of clinical assessment of the vascular territory.
Vitamin D deficiency is common among the elderly and may contribute to cerebrovascular diseases. We aimed to elucidate whether low vitamin D levels are predictive for fatal stroke.
Cerebral occlusive vascular disease is an established risk factor for ischemic stroke; however, little is known about its effects on brain function in patients without stroke. To detect possible functional alterations, we used magnetoencephalography and evaluated cerebral cortical activity during hand motor tasks in a group of such patients.
In-hospital strokes (IHSs) are potential candidates for thrombolysis. We analyzed the treatment procedures, safety, and efficacy of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) in IHSs compared with out-of-hospital strokes (OHSs).
Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 2 Page : 123-124
A 40-year-old man with epilepsy was admitted with relapse of generalized tonic-clonic seizures following inadvertent discontinuation of phenytoin that he had been taking regularly.
Journal of Child Neurology 2008, doi:10.1177/0883073808318204
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of neurological causes for apparent life-threatening events in infants and assess the neurological work-up mandatory to diagnose such diagnosis, hypothesizing that acute neurological disorders constitute the most common etiology for such an acute event.
We evaluated the normal venous anatomy of the anterior medullary/anterior pontomesencephalic venous (AMV/APMV) system and bridging veins connected to the dural sinuses using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and demonstrated cases of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with bridging venous drainage.
Radiologists interpreting imaging studies of the central nervous system are well acquainted with the findings of various common neuroradiological disorders.
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published Online: 21 Jul 2008
Cerebral aging is a complex and heterogeneous process that is associated with a high degree of inter-individual variability. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to identify and quantify non-disease-related aging of the cerebral white matter.
This report concerns an immunohistochemical investigation on RNA-related proteins in the basophilic inclusions (BIs) from patients with adult-onset atypical motor neuron disease.
Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 2 Page : 89-97
Peripheral neuropathy refers to disorders of the peripheral nervous system. They have numerous causes and diverse presentations; hence, a systematic and logical approach is needed for cost-effective diagnosis, especially of treatable neuropathies.
Visual hallucinations are a typical feature of Lewy body parkinsonism and occur in some 40% of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Age and cognitive decline are the most important intrinsic risk factors, but hallucinosis is often triggered by comorbid conditions such as infection and dehydration.
Neurologists should be able to anticipate and recognise the onset of respiratory failure in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Symptoms will differ depending on the speed of onset of the respiratory muscle weakness.
Cerebral hemorrhage in hypertensive patients is still an important source of morbidity and death. Understanding its underlying pathological basis is essential for the development of fact-based attempts to prevent the hemorrhage.
Lacunar infarcts-small subcortical infarcts that result from occlusion of a single penetrating artery-account for about one quarter of all ischaemic strokes. However, there are many diagnostic pitfalls, and causes other than penetrating small vessel disease in up to one third of cases.
Topiramate (Topamax(R)) is licensed to be used, either in monotherapy or as adjunctive treatment, for generalized tonic clonic seizures or partial seizures with or without secondary generalization and for prevention of migraine.
Adjustment for comorbidity is an important component of any clinical outcome study using administrative data. The Elixhauser Index is a relatively newer comorbidity index for use with administrative data and has not been used to assess prognosis in patients with stroke.
Null mutations in progranulin (PGRN) cause ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal dementia (FTD) linked to chromosome 17q21 (FTDU-17). Here we examined PGRN genetic variability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative motor neuron disease that overlaps with FTD at a clinical, pathologic, and epidemiologic level.
Gelastic epilepsy due to hypothalamic hamartomas is usually a severe condition encompassing both epileptic seizures and an epileptic encephalopathy associated with behavioral and cognitive impairments.
Alpha-sarcoglycan (-SG) deficiency (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy [LGMD] type 2D) is the most common form of sarcoglycan-LGMD. No treatment is currently available. Prior studies suggest that overexpression of -SG via adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer results in poorly sustained gene expression related to transgene toxicity.
Attempts to translate basic stem cell research into treatments for neurologic diseases and injury are well under way. With a clinical trial for one such treatment approved and in progress in the United States, and additional proposals under review, we must begin to address the ethical issues raised by such early forays into human clinical trials for cell-based interventions for neurologic conditions.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:968-976
James Blair is Chief of the Unit on Affective Cognitive Neuroscience in the Mood and Anxiety Disorders Programme at NIMH. Dr Blair received a doctoral degree in psychology from University College London in 1993 under the supervision of Professor John Morton.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:952-954
A higher than expected frequency of suicide has been reported among patients undergoing subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation
(STN DBS) for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). We conducted a retrospective survey of 200 patients with PD who underwent STN DBS
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:888-894
Patient outcome is often used as an indicator of quality of hospital care. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a straightforward relationship between quality of care and outcome, and whether outcome measures could be used to assess quality of care after stroke.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:943-946
We propose a set of criteria for diagnosis of intracranial infectious aneurysm (IA). The proposed diagnostic criteria contain a mandatory criterion (demonstration of intracranial aneurysm by neuroimaging) and 12 supportive criteria drawn from three domains.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:895-899
Published data suggest that patients with cerebral ischaemia and atrial fibrillation (CIAF) have higher inhospital mortality than patients with cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (CIAO). Data on long term risks are scarce. We compared the long term risks of death and vascular events (VE) between these groups.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:924-929
Recent data have revealed that clinically generalised tonic-clonic seizures do not involve all brain regions electrophysiologically. The hippocampus in particular could be protected from epileptic activity by putative filtering properties of the dentate gyrus.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:936-942
Predicting outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is notoriously difficult. Although it is recognised that milder head injuries do not necessarily mean better outcomes, less is known about the factors that do enable early identification of patients who are likely to recover well.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:913-916
Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) are known to be indicative of bleeding-prone microangiopathy and may predict incident intracerebral haemorrhage. However, there is controversy concerning the causal relationship between the presence of MBs and haemorrhagic transformation (HTf) after ischaemic stroke.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:874-880
The objective of the Predict-HD study is to use genetic, neurobiological and refined clinical markers to understand the early progression of Huntington’s disease (HD), prior to the point of traditional diagnosis, in persons with a known gene mutation. Here we estimate the approximate onset and initial course of various measurable aspects of HD relative to the time of eventual diagnosis.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:930-935
Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of paging systems in compensating for everyday memory and planning problems after brain injury, including in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:963-964
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency is a rare autosomal-recessive inherited disorder; about 100 patients have been reported since its first description in 1972. It is distinct from the common MTHFR gene polymorphism, with mutations that cause mild to moderate reduction in MTHFR activity but no direct clinical manifestations. MTHFR catalyses the reduction of 5,10-MTHF to 5-MTHF, which serves as a methyl donor in the re-methylation of homocysteine to methionine.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:962
Sneddon’s syndrome is an uncommon cause of stroke in young people, characterised by livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular disease. A few familial cases have been described. We present another familial case in which MRI demonstrated small vessel ischaemia with prominent
microbleeds.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008;79:863
A 16-year-old female was admitted to hospital due to intermittent right-sided headaches. On admission, physical and neurological examinations yielded no unusual findings. She underwent a MRI and angiography
(MRI-MRA) (fig 1A–C) that showed a fusiform dilatation of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) division branches.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 22 July 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.88
Total gastrointestinal transit times (GITT) and segmental colonic transit times (CTT) are commonly used to describe bowel function in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 189-191
Toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS in whom it frequently presents as intracranial space-occupying lesions. In the immunocompetent patient the most common manifestation is as asymptomatic cervical lymphadenopathy which may be associated with vague systemic manifestations such as fever or myalgia.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 207
Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) account for 10-15% of the intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Though a subgroup of DAVFs has been reported to have a benign course complete spontaneous disappearance of DAVFs is uncommon.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 151-155
Epileptic seizures, predominantly or exclusively during sleep had been the focus of attention for many electroencephalographers. Though few epileptic syndromes are associated with sleep seizures (SS) its frequencies in Indian patients is still unknown.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 116-121
The safest viral vector system for gene therapy is based on recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) up to date in Phase I clinical trials, which has been developed rapidly and applied for ischemic stroke gene therapy in animal experiments since the past seven years.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 212-213
Isolated nuclear involvement of the oculomotor nerve is uncommon. Typical features of a nuclear third nerve lesion include unilateral third nerve palsy, bilateral superior rectus palsy and bilateral incomplete ptosis.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 207-209
Craniopharyngioma constitutes about 3% of brain tumors and commonly presents in the first or second decade of life. Intraventricular craniopharyngiomas are rare and usually present in adults as squamous papillary type.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 192-194
Insulinoma presents with myriad manifestations and severe neurological deficit may develop due to delay in diagnosis. We report a lady who presented with Glasgow coma scale of E1 M2 V1, which did not improve after correction of hypoglycemia.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 205-206
Primary intraosseous or ectopic meningioma of the skull is a rare tumor accounting for about 1% of meningiomas. These arise in paranasal sinuses, neck, orbit and very rarely in diploe of cranial bones.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 167-172
Scalp is the most common site of soft tissue arteriovenous fistulae and surgical excision has been the primary mode of treatment. Endovascular treatment has evolved as an alternative to the surgery.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 122-126
Speech abnormalities are common to the three Parkinsonian syndromes, namely Parkinson's disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), the nature and severity of which is of clinical interest and diagnostic value.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 218-220
We present the case of a patient aged 45 years, a known hypertensive and hypothyroid on treatment developed features suggestive of raised intracranial pressure. On examination there were no focal neurological deficits. Computed tomography (CT) was suggestive of a colloid cyst.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 195-197
We report a 29-year-old man with a unique presentation of vasculitis as acute unilateral subdural effusion and meningoencephalitis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a brainstem lesion that spread to the thalamus over time. There were no systemic features of vasculitis other than a positive pathergy test.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 216-218
A 60-year-old male was admitted for evaluation of progressive cognitive dysfunction in the form of memory disturbance, change in personality, mood and behavior, which had gradually worsened impairing his business, social and personal activities for the last four years.
In endemic regions, neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most commonly diagnosed parasitic disease of the central nervous system, and the most common cause of convulsions and hydrocephalus in adults
Pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy represent a challenging clinical population. However, recent advances in neuroimaging with a multimodality imaging approach that combines fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, magnetoencephalography, diffusion tensor imaging, and magnetic source imaging with conventional magnetic resonance imaging continue to improve diagnosis and treatment in affected patients.
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, and the most common malignancy diagnosed during infancy. In comparison, neonatal neuroblastoma is relatively rare. Improvements in prenatal imaging and widespread use of fetal ultrasonography have led to an increased rate of prenatal diagnoses.
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound Published Online: 14 Jul 2008
To determine the value of color Doppler sonography (CDUS) in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with extracranial and intracranial vertebral artery (VA) dissection.
The aim of this exploratory analysis was to evaluate if a combination of MR angiography (MRA) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) selection criteria can be used to identify patients with acute stroke who are likely to benefit from early reperfusion.
Stroke affects many aspects of the lives of stroke survivors and their family caregivers. Supporting long-term recovery and rehabilitation are necessary to help stroke survivors adapt to living with the effects of stroke and to help family members adapt to the caregiving role.
Cardiac mortality after stroke is common, and small studies have suggested an association of short-term cardiac mortality with insular location of cerebral infarction. Few population-based studies with long-term follow-up have evaluated the effect of stroke location on the long-term risk of cardiac death or myocardial infarction (MI) after first ischemic stroke.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 99-107
Internationally recognized best practice care in the early management and rehabilitation of individuals following stroke includes multidisciplinary assessment and treatment by a coordinated team of health care professionals that includes occupational therapists.
Diagnosing encephalitis is often difficult with a definitive diagnosis being reached at best in only 40% of cases. This clinical condition is associated with a high morbidity and mortality.
We studied 52 cases of neurocysticercosis from January 1991 to December 2006 in order to increase our understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Published Online: 14 Jul 2008
To use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics for measuring cytotoxic and interstitial components of cerebral edema (CE) in acute hepatic failure (AHF) patients. CE is a major complication in patients with AHF.
The role of functional MRI (fMRI) in the presurgical evaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy is being increasingly recognized. Real-time fMRI is an easily performable diagnostic technique in the clinical setting.
Pediatric Blood & Cancer Published Online: 11 Jul 2008
Patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may develop neurodegeneration and significant CNS sequelae, affecting a significant proportion of the patients. We here aimed to investigate the neuropsychological consequences in more detail.
Recent therapeutic advances have improved standard treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Unfortunately, even with these improvements, only a fraction of patients derive significant benefit and experience prolonged survival.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with substantial burden and is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, data on the relationship between CKD and stroke are few and are limited by unreliable or inadequate assessment of renal function.
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by SETX mutations in 9q34 resulting in cerebellar ataxia in association with peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar atrophy on imaging, an elevated {alpha}-fetoprotein (AFP) serum level, and occasional oculomotor apraxia.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 108-118
Dysphagia and communication impairment are common consequences of stroke. Stroke survivors with either or both of these impairments are likely to have poorer long-term outcomes than those who do not have them.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 4-1
Following ischemic stroke, interventions to bring about reperfusion must be implemented within the recognized timeframe; this means that timely clinical recognition of this condition is vital. The process of diagnosis begins with the initial bedside assessment of the patient to be followed by appropriate imaging studies.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 30-38
Thrombolytic therapy has revolutionized acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment; however it is clear that intravenous (IV) thrombolytic therapy has certain limitations, including a short-time window for use, poor specificity for the site of arterial occlusion, and suboptimal recanalization rates.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 52-63
Stroke and ischemic heart diseases are among the most common causes of death and disability throughout the world. Even more worrisome is the suggestion that stroke rates may further increase in certain developing nations.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 0167-594X (Print) 10.1007/s11060-008-9624-3
Despite recent advances in treatment medulloblastoma continues to remain a vexing problem. Recently increased expression of cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) was identified as an adverse prognostic marker in medulloblastoma.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 0167-594X (Print) 10.1007/s11060-008-9626-1
The authors report the clinical features of and imaging studies on a rare case of pediatric malignant prolactinoma. A 12-year-old boy presented with ataxia, blurred vision, and consciousness disturbance.
The Journal of Heart Valve Disease 2008;17:413-417
Background and aims of the study: In patients carrying mechanical valve prostheses it is assumed that cardioembolic strokes account for 70 - 90 % of clinically diagnosed thromboembolic complications.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 0167-594X (Print) 10.1007/s11060-008-9648-8
The aim of the present study was to investigate the localization and distribution of the putative brain tumour stem cell marker CD133 in formalin fixed paraffin embedded astrocytomas.
Journal of Neurotrauma. July 1, 2008, 25(7): 833-840
Although calpain (calcium-activated cysteine protease) inhibition represents a rational therapeutic target for spinal cord injury (SCI), few studies have reported improved functional outcomes with post-injury administration of calpain inhibitors.
ournal of Neurotrauma. July 1, 2008, 25(7): 739-753
Although changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in and around traumatic contusions are well documented, the role of CBF for the delayed death of neuronal cells in the traumatic penumbra ultimately resulting in secondary contusion expansion remains unclear.
Journal of Neurotrauma. July 1, 2008, 25(7): 769-783
Interaction between extracellular matrix proteins and regulatory proteinases can mediate synaptic integrity. Previously, we documented that matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) expression and activity increase following traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Transverse sinus tapered narrowings are frequently identified in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH); however, it remains unclear whether they are primary stenoses or whether they occur secondary to raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Computed tomographic venography demonstrates both the morphology of the venous system and the adjacent bony grooves so it may provide an insight into the aetiology of these transverse sinus stenoses.
Pediatric Blood & Cancer Published Online: 11 Jul 2008
Increasing numbers of children with advanced neuroblastoma are achieving cure. We describe the clinical late effects specific to survivors of stage IV neuroblastoma all similarly treated using tandem autologous peripheral blood stem cell rescue with TBI.
Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology doi:10.1038/ncprheum0860
Central nervous system vasculitis can cause a wide spectrum of neurological deficits in children. In this Viewpoint, Drs Cantez and Benseler provide an overview of the field and highlight for rheumatologists the importance of recognizing and appropriately treating this disease.
Tumor cells escape clearance by complement by abundantly expressing CD59 and other membrane complement regulators. Existing strategies for blocking/knocking down these regulators can contribute to tumor immunoclearance in vitro; however, there are numerous difficulties restricting their use in vivo.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 88-98
Evidence that organized stroke-unit care results in better outcome has led to positive changes in stroke service delivery around the world. It is well accepted that stroke rehabilitation should commence as early as possible for optimal recovery to be achieved.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 79-87
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that may mimic many other neurological disorders and lead to misdiagnoses.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 0167-594X (Print) 10.1007/s11060-008-9643-0
To evaluate perioperative management, early outcomes and hemocoagulative disorders in infants up to 1 year old, undergoing neurosurgery for brain tumors removal.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 12-23
There is a need for early recognition, diagnosis, and therapy in patients with acute stroke. The most important therapies are thrombolysis or aspirin in hyperacute ischemic stroke and, for secondary prevention, antiplatelet agents, statins, ACE inhibitors (for lowering blood pressure), warfarin, and carotid endarterectomy or stenting.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 64-78
Stroke subtypes and etiology may differ between developing and developed countries. Infections are a relatively common cause of stroke in tropical regions. Objective: To review the main infectious diseases associated with stroke.
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology Year : 2008 Volume : 11 Issue : 5 Page : 24-29
Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within 3 h of symptom onset is currently approved for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Those who present within 3 h and have a vascular occlusion and a good CT scan are the ideal candidates for thrombolysis.
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