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Stroke risk factors and subtypes were examined for associations with mortality and recurrence rate in Taiwanese patients with first-ever and recurrent stroke.
The purpose of this study was to assess how imaging findings on admission perfusion CT (PCT) and follow-up noncontrast CT (NCT), and their changes over time, correlate with clinical scores of stroke severity measured on admission, at discharge and at 6-month follow-up.
Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak is a well-documented cause of postural headache. We report a medically refractory headache due to multilevel thoracic cerebrospinal fluid leaks.
Pediatric Surgery International 0179-0358 (Print) 10.1007/s00383-008-2228-3
Recently, determining the MYCN status in neuroblastoma (NB) using the quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) and FISH instead of the Southern blotting (SB) has been recommended.
Otology & Neurotology. 29(6):745-750, September 2008
Our study consisted of 60 patients with IS who were treated at Department of Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk between 2006 and 2007. A multivariate stepwise linear regression was used to identify the risk factors that were related to SHL as measured by pure-tone average (0.5, 1, and 2 kHz), the high-tone average (4, 6, and 8 kHz), the pure-tone middle-tone average (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz), and the overall average (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kHz).
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 28 Aug 2008
Far from being uniform, Huntington's disease (HD)'s phenotype encompasses a large variety of motor and non-motor symptoms which occur in various combinations in individual patients.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 28 Aug 2008
The aim of the study was to observe the effects of long-term rivastigmine treatment in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a routine clinical setting.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 28 Aug 2008
Major depression and related depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general population and even more so in patients with epilepsy. Yet depression in these patients remains underdiagnosed and undertreated.
Clinical heart disease was recognized in the first descriptions of Friedreich's ataxia (FA). Cardiac manifestations reported for this progressive neurologic disease include hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and electrophysiologic disturbances.
Our objective was to set up a management-oriented classification for paraclinoid aneurysms, and then design and apply a simplified management scheme according to each group defined by this classification.
We have previously shown that the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor-1 (S1P1R) axis contributes to the migration of transplanted neural progenitor cells (NPCs) toward areas of spinal cord injury. In the current study, we examined a strategy to increase endogenous NPC migration toward the injured central nervous system to modify S1PR.
One of the etiologies for idiopathic sudden deafness is considered to be ischemia of the inner ear. Cryptogenic stroke is caused by a right-to-left shunt (RLS).
To define the cardiovascular risk factors for cerebral microbleeds and to investigate the relationship between microbleeds on the one hand, and the volume of age-related white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and atrophy on the other in an elderly population.
Adult mice, subjected to 30 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion, were intraperitoneally treated with GHB (100 mg/kg, twice/day, 8 h apart) or saline for 10 days.
Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is the most unfavorable complication after IV thrombolytic treatment. We aimed to determine the relationship between early recanalization and the risk of sICH.
Early hospital admission followed by correct diagnosis with minimum delay is a prerequisite for successful new interventions in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
Homocysteine is an endothelial toxin and elevated levels have been associated with stroke risk. Stroke, particularly the small vessel disease (SVD) subtype, is increased in U.S. and UK black populations.
Stroke often impairs gait thereby reducing mobility and fitness and promoting chronic disability. Gait is a complex sensorimotor function controlled by integrated cortical, subcortical, and spinal networks.
Warfarin is the most effective stroke prevention medication for high-risk individuals with atrial fibrillation, yet it is often underused. This study examined the magnitude of this problem in a large contemporary, prospective stroke registry.
The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is gaining importance as a means to quantity disability following stroke, yet little is known about its usefulness as a determinant of the long-term outcome.
Patients with stroke may have cognitive deficits that impact their capacity to provide informed consent for research. Some institutional review boards restrict surrogate consent to persons who have specific legal authority to provide it.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) represents a clinically, pathologically and genetically heterogenous neurodegenerative disorder, often complicated by neurological signs such as motor neuron-related limb weakness, spasticity and paralysis, parkinsonism and gait disturbances.
The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Volume 22, Issue 5 September 2008 , pages 769 - 800
Little scientific attention has been aimed at the non-acute clinical care of pediatric mild TBI. We propose a clinical management model focused on both evaluation and intervention from the time of injury through recovery.
The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Volume 22, Issue 5 September 2008 , pages 813 - 825
We compared the sensitivity to brain dysfunction of an ability focused neuropsychological battery (AFB), as a proxy for the core of a flexible battery, to the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB). The AFB was designed to represent constructs of language function, fine motor skill, working memory, processing speed, verbal and visual memory, and verbal and visual abstraction and problem solving.
The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Volume 22, Issue 5 September 2008 , pages 896 - 918
Individual and joint malingering detection accuracy of the Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT), Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), and Word Memory Test (WMT) was examined in traumatic brain injury (TBI; 43 non-malingering, 27 malingering) and chronic pain (CP; 42 non-malingering, 58 malingering) using a known-groups design.
The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Volume 22, Issue 5 September 2008 , pages 930 - 945
A known-groups design was used to determine the classification accuracy of verbal fluency variables in detecting Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction (MND) in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants were 204 TBI and 488 general clinical patients.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 328-329 (September 2008)
We report two cases illustrating a potential use of transdermal scopolamine to reduce salivation in acute stroke. We speculate that this may lead to reduced aspiration and possibly also less pneumonia.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 325-327 (September 2008)
We report a case in which hemorrhage occurred in an asymptomatic falx meningioma known beforehand, after the internal use of low-dose aspirin for 16 months.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 312-319 (September 2008)
The rate of cerebrovascular events within the stroke belt, a geographic area defined in the Southeastern United States, exceeds that of the rest of the nation. Despite evaluation of multiple risk factors for this disparity, specific causes for the stroke belt have not been elucidated.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 303-311 (September 2008)
Previous studies show that APOE4 carriers are at increased risk for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The APOE4 gene is also linked to increased incidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 299-302 (September 2008)
A recent meta-analysis suggested that racial/ethnic status is not a major determinant of willingness to participate in observational studies or treatment trials. However, little is known about the predictors of enrollment in family-based observational genetic studies.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 287-298 (September 2008)
If clip application or coil placement for treatment of intracranial (IC) aneurysms is not feasible, the parent vessel can be occluded to induce thrombosis of the aneurysm.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 276-280 (September 2008)
The Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) is a widely used method to evaluate health-related quality of life and has been applied for patients with stroke.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 273-275 (September 2008)
We sought to determine the percentage of patients presenting with code stroke who would be excluded from computed tomography angiography, computed tomography perfusion, or both based on their emergency department laboratory results (creatinine and glomerular filtration rate) and the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with code stroke who receive contrast.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 266-272 (September 2008)
The elderly have significantly higher incidence of ischemic stroke and have higher mortality and morbidity compared with younger patients. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after thrombolysis is one of the causes of unfavorable outcome.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 263-265 (September 2008)
The corticobulbar tract fibers descend near the corticospinal tract, mostly to the upper medulla, where they decussate and ascend in the dorsolateral medulla to connect with the contralateral facial nucleus.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 257-262 (September 2008)
Several studies suggest transient ischemic attack (TIA) may be neuroprotective against ischemic stroke analogous to preinfarction angina's protection against acute myocardial infarction.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 251-256 (September 2008)
The principal features of the cerebellar infarcts are ataxia, failure of coordination, gait instability, and articulation and eye movement disabilities. Language disabilities are also seen with cerebellar lesions, but there are difficulties in diagnosis.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 0167-594X (Print) 10.1007/s11060-008-9686-2
To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of surgical resection and permanent iodine-125 brachytherapy without adjuvant whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for brain metastases.
Journal of Neural Transmission 0300-9564 (Print) 10.1007/s00702-008-0099-3
Freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is defined as a sudden inability to maintain effective stepping movements. However, its pathophysiology remains unclear.
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, Volume 9, Number 13, September 2008 , pp. 2327-2337(11)
Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease where impaired mitochondrial function and excessive production of free radicals play a central pathogenetic role.
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 38(8):562-566
The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate local recurrence patterns after intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) combined with total or subtotal resection and intensive chemotherapy for advanced neuroblastoma.
To the authors' knowledge, there are no reliable markers able to identify patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that will develop metastases to the brain. The authors investigated associations between immunohistochemical markers and the development of brain metastases in patients with NSCLC.
Status epilepticus (SE) activates the autonomic nervous system, increasing sympathetic nervous system control of cardiac function during seizure activity. However, lasting effects of SE on autonomic regulation of the heart, which may contribute to mortality following seizure activity, are unknown. Therefore, autonomic control of cardiac function was assessed following SE.
To examine the influence of the ketogenic diet (KD) on linear growth and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels in children with pharmacotherapy-resistant epilepsy.
American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 32(9):1291-1298, September 2008
S100 protein is a sensitive marker for melanomas and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. It is, however, expressed by other mesenchymal and epithelial tumors.
Child's Nervous System 0256-7040 (Print) 10.1007/s00381-008-0688-3
Primary central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis of childhood is a rare disorder. The most common signs and symptoms are acute severe headache and focal neurologic deficit.
Child's Nervous System 0256-7040 (Print) 10.1007/s00381-008-0698-1
The objective of this study is to present a series of eight pediatric patients (less than 16 years old) with complete spontaneous thrombosis of spontaneous intradural dissecting aneurysms.
Child's Nervous System 0256-7040 (Print) 10.1007/s00381-008-0690-9
We describe a rare case of pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma presented as a right cerebellopontine angle (CPA) mass, completely separated from the brain stem and arising from the proximal VIII nerve portion.
Child's Nervous System 0256-7040 (Print) 10.1007/s00381-008-0684-7
Technical aspects of local chemotherapy in inoperable brainstem gliomas by convection-enhanced delivery (CED) are still under experimental considerations. In this study, we characterize the feasibility of multiple cannula placements in the rat brainstem.
Child's Nervous System 0256-7040 (Print) 10.1007/s00381-008-0679-4
The aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical treatment of epilepsy and detection of possible early surgery predictive elements in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).
Child's Nervous System 0256-7040 (Print) 0.1007/s00381-008-0674-9
Some basal ganglia germinomas are difficult to diagnose in early stage of disease due to vague initial presentation without discernable mass lesion on brain imaging.
The conclusions of previous studies show little agreement concerning the relationship between weather and the incidence of stroke. We analyse the relationship between daily meteorological conditions and daily as well as seasonal stroke incidence.
XG-102 (formerly D-JNKI1), a TAT-coupled dextrogyre peptide which selectively inhibits the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, is a powerful neuroprotectant in mouse models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) with delayed intracerebroventricular injection.
We compared ischemic findings on gradient echo-type T2*-weighted images at 3-tesla MRI (T2*WI) in patients with acute ischemia and major vessel occlusion, and stroke patients with lacunar infarction or branch atheromatous disease.
he aim of this study was to examine the rate of early neurological deterioration (END) and favorable outcomes after acute lacunar stroke following the use of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rtPA).
Acute and chronic infections may play a role in promoting complications of atherosclerotic disease. We evaluated the importance of acute infections and chronic bronchitis (CB; as a chronic inflammatory state) in several subtypes of ischemic stroke, and we investigated whether the influenza vaccination was independently associated with a reduced likelihood of stroke.
The stroke volume among black ischemic stroke patients in phase I of the population-based Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS) was smaller than reported among acute stroke studies, with a median stroke volume of 2.5 cm.
Long before the onset of clinical Alzheimer's disease non-fibrillar, soluble assembly states of amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) peptides are believed to cause cognitive problems by disrupting synaptic function in the absence of significant neurodegeneration.
Central neuropathic pain following lesions within the CNS, such as spinal cord injury, is one of the most excruciating types of chronic pain and one of the most difficult to treat.
Complaints of memory difficulties are common among patients with epilepsy, particularly with temporal lobe epilepsy where memory-related brain structures are directly involved by seizure activity.
The Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS), perivascular compartments surrounding small blood vessels as they penetrate the brain parenchyma, are increasingly recognized for their role in leucocyte trafficking as well as for their potential to modulate immune responses.
Magnetic resonance imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of multiple sclerosis. Currently available magnetic resonance-techniques only partly reflect the extent of tissue inflammation and damage.
In the present study, eye movements are recorded in two patient groups with an autosomal dominantly inherited cerebellar disorder, i.e. spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) and familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy (FCMTE)
The relationships between perception of verticality by different sensory modalities, lateropulsion and pushing behaviour and lesion location were investigated in 86 patients with a first stroke
Lissencephalies are congenital malformations responsible for epilepsy and mental retardation in children. A number of distinct lissencephaly syndromes have been characterized, according to the aspect and the topography of the cortical malformation, the involvement of other cerebral structures and the identified genetic defect.
The early and late benign occipital epilepsies of childhood (BOEC) are described as two discrete electro-clinical syndromes, eponymously known as Panayiotopoulos and Gastaut syndromes.
Alexander disease (AD) in its typical form is an infantile lethal leucodystrophy, characterized pathologically by Rosenthal fibre accumulation. Following the identification of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene as the causative gene, cases of adult-onset AD (AOAD) are being described with increasing frequency.
Previous observational studies reported inconsistent results on the association between diabetes and Parkinson's disease, and data on the risk of developing incident diabetes in relation to Parkinson's disease are scarce.
Hippocampal sclerosis is frequently associated with hippocampal atrophy (HA), which is often observed on routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Manual morphometry of the hippocampus is sensitive to detecting HA, but is time-consuming and prone to operator error. Automated MRI morphometry has the potential to provide rapid and accurate assistance in the clinical detection of HA.
Desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas (DIG) are rare intracranial tumors that typically occur in infants and involve the cerebral cortex and the leptomeninges. They are usually very large in size and partially cystic.
Child's Nervous System 0256-7040 (Print) 10.1007/s00381-008-0685-6
Although research today ranges from molecular to universe scale, many issues regarding gross anatomy remain totally neglected. Within the framework of the endocranial morphogenesis and evolution, understanding the role and variation of the middle meningeal artery relies upon the very limited, scattered, and descriptive information available.
Child's Nervous System 0256-7040 (Print) 10.1007/s00381-008-0687-4
The relationship between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) polytherapy and urinary pH was studied to demonstrate the effect and difference of AED polytherapy compared to monotherapy.
We report, for the first time, the occurrence of interference between a Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) and intraoperative brain mapping performed by direct electrical stimulation (DES).
HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS AND interpretations regarding the treatment of components of the nervous system can be found in the writings of the Bible and Talmud. A review of topics germane to modern neuroanatomy, neurology, and neurosurgery from these early, rich writings is presented herein. These historic writings provide a glimpse into the early understanding, description, and treatment of pathologies of the nervous system.
The complement cascade has been implicated in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. To develop clinically useful therapies that successfully manipulate the complement cascade, the individual roles of its components must be clearly defined.
The calcium channel blocker nicardipine (NC) is effective for acute control of hypertension. However, efficacy and safety in neurosurgical patients have not been evaluated.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are being used with increasing frequency for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms.
The aim of the report is to define the indications and results of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and to discuss the physiopathological mechanism of this procedure.
Most physicians rely on conventional treatment targets for intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, systemic oxygenation, and hemoglobin to direct management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children.
We describe a new strategy to promote axonal regeneration after subacute or chronic spinal cord injury consisting of intramedullary implantation of chitosan guidance channels containing peripheral nerve (PN) grafts.
Posttraumatic headache (PTH) may affect neurocognition after sports-related concussion. To our knowledge, no studies have examined how PTH affects balance after concussion using dynamic posturography.
The goal of this report is to analyze the hemodynamic characteristics of low- and high-flow arteriovenous malformations (AVM) using computerized electrical models.
Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology Volume 5, Number 4 / August, 2008 268-272
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are T-cells that display effective anti-tumor activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of CIK cells in vitro, and conducted a preliminary investigation using autologous CIK cells to treat glioma patients through local administration.
The purpose of this prospective study was to compare 3T and 1.5T magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the follow-up of endovascular treated intracranial aneurysms to assess the grade of occlusion.
Much attention has been directed toward identifying early signs of cerebral ischemia on computed tomography (CT) images. Hypoattenuation of ischemic brain parenchyma has been found to be the most frequent early sign.
Pediatric Physical Therapy. 20(3):254-258, Fall 2008
To assess the within-session reliability of the Modified Functional Reach Test (MFRT) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and children with typical development (TD).
Neurocritical Care 1541-6933 (Print) 10.1007/s12028-008-9125-4
The parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome (PHS) is a rare but potentially fatal complication seen in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, most commonly following reduction or cessation of antiparkinson medications.
European Journal of Neuroscience Volume 28 Issue 5, Pages 883 - 892
Although changes to neural circuitry are believed to underlie behavioural characteristics mediated by the hippocampus, the contribution of neurogenesis to this process remains controversial.
European Journal of Neuroscience Volume 28 Issue 5, Pages 1016 - 1029
Changing between cognitive tasks requires a reorganization of cognitive processes. Behavioural evidence suggests this can occur in advance of the stimulus.
European Journal of Neuroscience Volume 28 Issue 5, Pages 941 - 950
Dysregulation of dopamine receptors is thought to underlie levodopa-induced dyskinesias in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. It is unknown whether an imbalance of the second messengers, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), is involved in the alterations of levodopa/dopamine signal transduction.
European Journal of Neuroscience Volume 28 Issue 5, Pages 871 - 882
It is known that activity modulates neuronal differentiation in the adult brain but the signalling mechanisms underlying this process remain to be identified. We show here that activity requires soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) to enhance neurite outgrowth of young neurons differentiating from neural stem cells.
Pyridoxine-dependent seizures (PDS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder causing intractable seizures in neonates and infants. Patients are typically resistant to conventional anticonvulsants but respond well to the administration of pyridoxine.
High frequency oscillations (HFOs) >200 Hz are believed to be associated with epileptic processes. The spatial distribution of HFOs and their evolution over time leading up to seizure onset is unknown.
Anterior temporal lobe resections (ATLR) benefit 70% of patients with refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but may be complicated by emotional disturbances.
To identify and describe thalamic dysfunction in patients with temporal as well as extratemporal status epilepticus (SE) and to also analyze the specific clinical, radiological, and electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of patients with acute thalamic involvement.
Studies in genetic absence epileptic rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) indicate that enhancement of - aminobutyric acid (GABA A ) receptor activity is a critical mechanism in the aggravation of seizures by carbamazepine (CBZ).
We report on the surgical outcome obtained in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) who were evaluated preoperatively without ictal recording and were submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy.
Results from animal models suggest gene therapy is a promising new approach for the treatment of epilepsy. Several candidate genes such as neuropeptide Y and galanin have been demonstrated in preclinical studies to have a positive effect on seizure activity.
We previously showed that gene expression of synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam, is reduced during epileptogenesis in the rat.
Despite over 80 years of use, the ketogenic diet (KD) has never been tested in a blinded manner. Twenty children with intractable Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) were fasted 36 h and then randomized to receive the classic KD in conjunction with a solution containing either 60 g/day of glucose or saccharin.
The risk for cardiovascular events is related to the composition and stability of an atherosclerotic plaque driven by inflammation and deposition of lipids. Scavenger receptors are a family of cell surface receptors involved in lipid uptake and inflammation.
Several studies indicate a declining case-fatality and mortality in stroke. Little is known about time trends in stroke for subjects with diabetes. The purpose of this study was to compare time trends in incidence, case-fatality and mortality for stroke patients with or without diabetes.
Meningomyelocele (MMC) is a common central nervous system birth defect. Various congenital and acquired abnormalities have been reported with MMC, some of which are secondary to the pathophysiology and some are morbidities of the underlying disease.
Many studies associate fever with poor outcome in patients with neurological injury, but this relationship is blurred by divergence in populations and outcome measures.
An asymptomatic 13 year old with a history of neuroblastoma treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and autologous bone marrow transplant was found to have a cardiac mass on screening echocardiogram.
Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is associated with systemic atherosclerosis and cardioembolic conditions and predicts the risk of recurrent strokes.
Glioblastoma is the most lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Although considerable progress has been made in the treatment of this aggressive tumor, the clinical outcome for patients remains poor.
Change in cognition is being increasingly recognized as an important outcome measure; however, the role of carotid revascularization on this issue remains to be determined. It is still under debate whether carotid artery stenting and carotid endarterectomy have the same influence on neuropsychological functions.
Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated through the coordinated actions of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes to ensure that the organelles are replenished on a regular basis.
Our purpose was to determine (1) the correlation between quantitative CT and MR measurements of infarct core, penumbra, and mismatch; and (2) whether the difference between these measurements would alter patient selection for stroke clinical trials.
Recent evidence suggesting that some epilepsy surgery failures could be related to unrecognized insular epilepsy have led us to lower our threshold to sample the insula with intracerebral electrodes. In this study, we report our experience resulting from this change in strategy.
Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology Volume 5, Number 4 / August, 2008 10.1007/s11805-008-0242-9
Gliomatosis Cerebri (GC) is a rare tumor of the central nervous system. It is defined as a diffuse glial tumor that extensively infiltrates the brain, involving more than two lobes.
Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology Volume 5, Number 4 / August, 2008 281-285
To summarize and analyze the clinical manifestations features of imaging diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy of surgical treatment for intracranial cavernous hemangioma (CH).
Nursing in Critical Care Volume 13 Issue 5, Pages 232 - 240
This paper aims to present an overview of the literature relating to the effects of endotracheal suctioning (ETS) in children and adults with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Pediatric Physical Therapy. 20(3):259-263, Fall 2008
To determine the within-session reliability of a standardized protocol for using a hand-held dynamometer (HHD) to measure lower-extremity (LE) strength in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to assess any differences in reliability measures when compared with children with typical development (TD) matched for age and sex.
Meningiomas, although common in adults, are rare in infancy and childhood. We present a single institution experience of children with meningiomas and a comparison of our findings with other published data.
Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, Vol 13, No 4 (2008)
Most of the studies have shown that approximately one third of patients with single seizure will experience a second one. Data regarding seizure-free survival time and recurrence rate vary widely.
Journal of Neurotrauma. August 1, 2008, 25(8): 997-1001
Traumatic coagulopathy has several possible mechanisms. In traumatic brain injury (TBI), the principal process involves the release of tissue factor (TF). There is no agreement how common this mechanism is following general trauma.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the introduction of an all-in workflow concept that included direct computed tomography (CT) scanning in the trauma room on mortality and functional outcome of trauma patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted to a level-1 trauma center.
Journal of Neurotrauma. August 1, 2008, 25(8): 959-974
Cerebral gene expressions change in response to traumatic brain injury (TBI), and future trauma treatment may improve with increased knowledge about these regulations.
Recently, we have manipulated endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) in situ in the adult mouse to undergo neurogenesis and anatomic circuit re-formation de novo in the neocortex, where it does not normally occur, by using a highly targeted brain injury model.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relevant sensory spinal pathways involved in conveying conduction of electrical perceptual threshold (EPT).
Journal of Medical Case Reports 2008, 2:270doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-270
The etiology of seizure disorders in lung cancer patients is broad and includes some rather rare causes of seizures which can sometimes be overlooked by physicians. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis is a rather rare cause of seizures in lung cancer patients and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of seizure disorders in this population.
A recent update suggested that the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance on head injury had led to safe early discharge, evidence of a reduction in the numbers of admitted patients and cost savings in some centres.
Placebo (PL) treatment is a method utilized as a control condition in clinical trials. A positive placebo response is seen in up to 50% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD), pain syndromes, and depression.
Recent studies report that major bleeding is associated with a significant increase in mortality after acute coronary syndrome. Major bleeding has also been reported to be common after ischemic stroke, most often gastrointestinal, but its association with clinical outcome is less certain.
Antiepileptic drugs are routinely given after craniotomy. Though phenytoin (PHT) is still the most commonly used agent, levetiracetam (LEV) is increasingly administered for this purpose.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 26 August 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.100
To provide a quantitative analysis of all randomized controlled trials designed to determine the effectiveness of physical interventions for people with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Spinal Cord advance online publication 26 August 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.103
To develop an International Bowel Function Extended Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Data Set presenting a standardized format for the collection and reporting of an extended amount of information on bowel function.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 26 August 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.102
To develop an International Bowel Function Basic Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Data Set presenting a standardized format for the collection and reporting of a minimal amount of information on bowel function in daily practice or in research.
Internal and Emergency Medicine Volume 1, Number 2 / July, 2006 148-150
Current guidelines for evaluation of syncope recommend that in the absence of objective focal neurologic findings, head computed tomography (HCT) may not be necessary.
The aim of the study was to compare the cerebral tissue oxygenation index (c-TOI) measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in infants with and without foetal vasculitis.
MRI at 3 T, which has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than 1.5-T MRI, is potentially more sensitive and specific at delineating epileptogenic lesions and may influence management of refractory epilepsy.
Maternal valproate (VPA) use is associated with a significant risk for congenital malformations in the exposed fetus. Since VPA is commonly used in epilepsy syndromes with a presumed genetic cause (idiopathic epilepsies), it is possible that maternal genetic background contributes to this outcome.
A field survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of active epilepsy in northern Vietnam between January and December 2005, when members of approximately 13,000 households were screened for seizure disorders.
In the 1960s in Tanzania, L. Jilek-Aall observed a seizure disorder characterized by head nodding (HN). Decades later, "nodding disease," reminiscent of what was seen in Tanzania, was reported from Sudan. To date this seizure disorder has not been classified and possible causes still remain obscure.
In many developing countries, people with epilepsy do not receive appropriate treatment for their condition, a phenomenon called the treatment gap (TG). We carried out a systematic review to investigate the magnitude, causes, and intervention strategies to improve outcomes in developing countries.
Drug treatment of epilepsy is characterized by unpredictability of efficacy, adverse drug reactions, and optimal doses in individual patients, which, at least in part, is a consequence of genetic variation.
We performed this analysis of possible first night effects (FNEs) on sleep and respiratory parameters in order to evaluate the need for two serial night polysomnograms (PSGs) to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in epilepsy patients.
Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is a relatively benign epilepsy syndrome with few comorbidities. Here we describe two families with unusually severe ADNFLE, with associated psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive features.
There is paucity of data regarding occurrence of reproductive endocrine disorders in Asian women with epilepsy (WWE) on antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy.
Central nervous system plasticity is essential for normal function, but can also reinforce abnormal network behavior, leading to epilepsy and other disorders. The role of altered ion channel expression in abnormal plasticity has not been thoroughly investigated. Nav1.6 is the most abundantly expressed sodium channel in the nervous system. Because of its distribution in the cell body and axon initial segment, Nav1.6 is crucial for action potential generation.
No population-based study has investigated the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children after unprovoked seizures with onset in the first year of life.
First-time seizure and status epilepticus during pregnancy have been previously reported as the initial manifestation of intracranial cavernous hemangioma. We report a woman with no history of seizures who presented with refractory status epilepticus at 10 weeks gestation.
We have previously published translations of Babylonian texts on epilepsy and stroke, which we believe to be the oldest detailed accounts of these neurological disorders from the second millennium BC.
It would be useful to selectively block granule cell axon (mossy fiber) sprouting to test its functional role in temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Targeting axonal growth cones may be an effective strategy to block mossy fiber sprouting.
Anecdotal reports suggest that certain foods and dietary contents might influence the occurrence of seizures. However, the existing data are scanty and sometimes controversial.
Despite the availability of detailed electroclinical and imaging data, only a few neuropathological studies of nodular heterotopia have been published. The aim of this study was to describe the neuropathological features of various types of nodular heterotopia obtained from patients undergoing surgery for intractable epilepsy.
Absence epilepsy is characterized by 3-Hz generalized spike-and-wave discharges (GSWD) on the electroencephalogram, associated with behavioral arrest. It may be severe, and even in childhood benign absence epilepsy cognitive delay is frequent, yet the metabolic/hemodynamic aspects of this kind of epilepsy have not been established.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy is crucial to designing novel therapeutic regimens. This report focuses on alterations in the secretory machinery responsible for neurotransmitter (NT) release.
High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) known as ripples (80-250 Hz) and fast ripples (250-500 Hz) can be recorded from macroelectrodes inserted in patients with intractable focal epilepsy. They are most likely linked to epileptogenesis and have been found in the seizure onset zone (SOZ) of human ictal and interictal recordings. HFOs occur frequently at the time of interictal spikes, but were also found independently.
While acute hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes have been demonstrated, the long-term structural consequence of status epilepticus remains unclear.
To define the relationship between two syndromes of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) with apparently similar phenotypes: The form with generalized tonic-clonic seizures only (IGE-GTCS) and that with phantom absences (IGE-PA).
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) infection is nearly ubiquitous in childhood and may include central nervous system invasion. There are two variants, HHV6A and HHV6B. Usually asymptomatic, it is associated with the common, self-limited childhood illness roseola infantum and rarely with more severe syndromes.
Although often overshadowed by factors influencing seizure initiation, seizure termination is a critical step in the return to the interictal state. Understanding the mechanisms contributing to seizure termination could potentially identify novel targets for anticonvulsant drug development and may also highlight the pathophysiological processes contributing to seizure initiation.
It is unclear whether the hippocampal abnormality in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a consequence or the cause of afebrile or febrile seizures (FSs). We investigated whether hippocampal abnormalities are present in healthy adults > 15 years after a simple FS.
To report the case of a child with short absences and occasional myoclonias since infancy who was first diagnosed with an idiopathic generalized epilepsy, but was documented at follow-up to have a mild phenotype of glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome.
A cortically generated Lennox-Gastaut type seizure is associated with spike-wave/polyspike-wave discharges at 1.0-2.5 Hz and fast runs at 7-16 Hz. Here we studied the patterns of synchronization during runs of paroxysmal fast spikes.
To determine the electroclinical significance and histopathological correlates of cortical {alpha}-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) receptor abnormalities detected in and remote from human neocortical epileptic foci.
The clinical features of absence seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy have been held to be syndrome-specific. This hypothesis is central to many aspects of epilepsy research yet has not been critically assessed. We examined whether specific factors such as epilepsy syndrome, age, and state determine the features of absence seizures.
A retrospective study for a classification of prehypsarrhythmic elecroencephalographies (EEGs) was carried out to enable an early treatment option for West syndrome.
To investigate the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes correlated with ictal and interictal epileptic discharges using electroencephalography-correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) in patients with eyelid myoclonia with absences (EMA) and then to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of epileptic discharges and their effect on brain function.
Cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a frequent cause of epilepsy in childhood. Two major pathological variants are distinguished, FCD type I and II. The aim of the study was to characterize differences between FCD type I and II with respect to imaging and EEG findings, clinical and neuropsychological presentations, and surgical outcome.
Despite contrary recommendations by expert opinion and international guidelines phenobarbital remains the most widely prescribed anticonvulsant worldwide. Although associated connective tissue disorders were described in a timely way after its introduction, the association between plantar fibromatosis-also called Ledderhose syndrome-and phenobarbital seems not to be well known in general.
Evidence for a poor psychiatric, social, and vocational adult outcome in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) suggests long-term unmet mental health, social, and vocational needs. This cross-sectional study examined behavioral/emotional, cognitive, and linguistic comorbidities as well as their correlates in children with CAE.
Osteopontin is a cytokine found in many tissues and plays a role in tissue injury and repair. This study had two goals: to characterize osteopontin expression after status epilepticus (SE), and to test the hypotheses that osteopontin affects the susceptibility to seizures or alters cell death and inflammation after SE.
To evaluate the effects of anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) on individual and group spatial and verbal learning and memory abilities as a function of side of surgery and seizure control outcome.
Although antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with multisource generic alternatives are becoming more prevalent, no case-control studies have been published examining multisource medication use and epilepsy-related outcomes.
Although great advances have been made in the development of treatments for epilepsy, acquired epilepsy following brain injury still comprises approximately 50% of all the cases of epilepsy. Thus, development of drugs that would prevent or decrease the onset of epilepsy following brain injury represents an important area of research.
A 34-year-old male with a 20-year history of epilepsy was treated with valproic acid and phenobarbital. As he had frequent convulsive fits, carbamazepine (CBZ) was added.
Previous studies found a strong association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine (CBZ)-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) in Han Chinese, but not in Caucasian populations. Even in Han Chinese, the HLA-B*1502 was not associated with CBZ-induced maculopapular eruptions (MPE).
Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 29(4):253-261, August 2008
The purpose of this study was to examine factors that affect parental burden and distress during the first few months following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children.
Levetiracetam (Keppra) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) characterized by a novel mechanism of action, unique profile of activity in seizure models, and broad-spectrum clinical efficacy.
There is evidence from studies in rodents that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression is implicated in the causation of refractory epilepsy. Genetic variants in the human ABCB1 (MDR1) gene were shown to affect the expression levels of the transporter in various tissues and to be associated with refractory epilepsy.
To examine antiepileptogenic and antiictogenic potential of retigabine (RTG) under conditions of rapid kindling epileptogenesis during different stages of development.
The anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is an idiosyncratic immunologic reaction to certain anticonvulsant medications, in which internal organ involvement may lead to fatal multisystemic failure.
Recent studies have revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anticonvulsive properties. Clinical trials using PUFAs reported conflicting results. It was suggested that PUFAs have anticonvulsant effects via modifications of brain phospholipids.
Hypermotor seizures (HMS) are characterized by complex movements involving the proximal segment of the limbs and trunk. Although they are primarily reported in mesial frontal or orbitofrontal epilepsies, they have also been described in patients with temporal or insular epilepsies, questioning the localizing value of HMS in patients contemplating epilepsy surgery.
Animal models with spontaneous epileptic seizures may be useful in the discovery of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of carisbamate on spontaneous motor seizures in rats with kainate-induced epilepsy.
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) patients show reduced breathing drive during sleep, decreased hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses, and autonomic and affective deficits, suggesting both brainstem and forebrain injuries.
Many studies have investigated the variations in the anatomy of each segment of the cerebral arterial circle while a few have addressed the variations of the cerebral arterial circle as a whole.
We have shown that candesartan decreases the acute stroke-induced elevation of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in Wistar rats and improves functional outcome. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the same benefit could be achieved in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
Phencyclidine (PCP) and other N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have been shown to be neurotoxic to developing brains and to result in schizophrenia-like behaviors later in development.
We and others have demonstrated that fibrates [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR){alpha} agonists] and statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) exerted neuroprotective and pleiotropic effects in experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because the combination of statins and fibrates synergistically enhanced PPAR{alpha} activation, we hypothesized that the combination of both drugs may exert more important and/or prolonged beneficial effects in TBI than each alone.
There is a paucity of studies evaluating the prognostic role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) changes in viral encephalitis.
Pediatric Emergency Care. 24(8):550-553, August 2008
Thoracic intervertebral disk herniation is an uncommon entity. Acute presentation of this entity in the pediatric population is exceptionally rare. Given the infrequent prevalence, accurate diagnosis of acute symptomatic thoracic disk herniation can be difficult.
To show that measurement of the transverse relaxation time that characterizes signal loss caused by local susceptibilities (T2') is sensitive to an increased deoxyhemoglobin concentration in the brain, indicating tissue at risk for infarction.
Intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) shortens the cortical silent period (CSP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor hand area (M1 HAND ). This response is absent in healthy individuals with a photoparoxysmal response (PPR).
Many fMRI protocols for localizing speech comprehension have been described, but there has been little quantitative comparison of these methods. We compared five such protocols in terms of areas activated, extent of activation, and lateralization.
To delineate a new syndrome of brain dysgenesis and cutis laxa based on the description of 11 patients belonging to nine unrelated families recruited through an international collaboration effort.
An ever-increasing number of reports show the involvement of free radicals in the functional and structural changes occurring in the brain as a part of the normal aging process.
In the current report we describe a successful training study aimed at improving recognition of a set of familiar face photographs in K., a 4-year-old girl with congenital prosopagnosia (CP). A detailed assessment of K.'s face-processing skills showed a deficit in structural encoding, most pronounced in the processing of facial features within the face.
Human motion processing region MT + is retinotopically organized with perception of and attention to motion in the right visual field preferentially associated with left MT + activity and vice versa. However, the degree to which MT + is crucial for motion processing is uncertain.
We describe severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in a patient who had previously experienced West Nile fever, another flavivirus infection endemic in Hungary. Previous West Nile virus infection does not develop immunity either against TBE virus infection or the disease, and it does not mitigate its clinical course. The possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement is considered.
We report on three adult patients with primary glioblastomas showing prominent adipocytic (lipomatous) differentiation, hence referred to as "glioblastomas with adipocyte-like tumor cell differentiation."
Silencing of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protein expression because of MGMT gene promoter hypermethylation is considered to be associated with postoperative chemoradiotherapy benefits in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients.
We examined the incidence and timing of posttraumatic cerebral infarction (PTCI) and provide predictive factors for the development of PTCI in patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury.
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Published Online: 22 Feb 2007
Migraine is generally considered a functional brain disorder lacking structural abnormalities. Recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, however, suggested that migraine may be associated with subtle brain lesions.
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Published Online: 28 Jun 2008
The association between patent foramen ovale, ischemic stroke, and migraine with aura is well known. It is, however, complicated and generates a considerable debate about the features and clinical consequences of the phenomenon. We report a case of a woman for whom patent foramen ovale has possibly acted as an inducer of both migraine attacks and ischemic stroke.
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Published Online: 10 Jun 2008
Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis is a rare inflammatory disease, usually involving the dura mater of skull base, tentorium, and falx. Chronic headache is the most common clinical manifestations.
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Published Online: 28 Jun 2008
Presentation of a case report of a 47-year-old male with a post-acoustic neuroma resection intractable headache responding to intravenous lidocaine infusion. The patient was then switched to mexiletine, with good response.
Training with an oral screen can improve lip force (LF) and swallowing capacity (SC) in stroke patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, irrespective of the duration of pretreatment of dysphagia, and irrespective of the presence or absence of central facial paresis.
We investigated the changes in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and its receptor, VEGFR-3, in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 29 Jul 2008
he hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders, mainly characterized by a progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. Mutations in the SPG4 and SPG3A genes are responsible for approximately 50% of autosomal dominant HSP.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 11 Aug 2008
The principal modifiable risk factors for stroke are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperhomocysteinaemia, smoking and limited physical activity. However, it is not clear whether physical inactivity is a risk factor per se, or because it predisposes to pathological conditions that are risk factors for stroke.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 5 Aug 2008
Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is high in patients with low cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between ICH and low cholesterol in cases of primary ICH.
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Published Online: 10 Jun 2008
Subarachnoid hemorrhage as a complication of acupuncture has been reported in only a few cases. We report another case and discuss the implications of subarachnoid hemorrhage following acupuncture. Although acupuncture has traditionally been thought to be relatively safe, physicians should be aware that it may be a cause of intracranial hemorrhage.
The purpose of this study was to apply a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-compatible positron emission tomographic (PET) detector technology for simultaneous MR/PET imaging of the human brain and skull base.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 14 Aug 2008
D-dimer (DD) is a fibrin degradation product present in negligible amounts in healthy individuals, but in thrombotic/fibrinolytic conditions substantially increases in plasma. Over the last two decades numerous studies have explored whether DD measurements would help stroke clinicians.
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Published Online: 21 Jul 2008
This is a case report of a 15-year-old boy who developed benign intracranial hypertension after 3 weeks of levofloxacin intake. The headache, diplopia, and papilledema resolved within a week after levofloxacin was withdrawn. Physicians must be aware that quinolone antibiotics can potentially cause intracranial hypertension.
European Journal of Neuroscience Published Online: 8 Aug 2008
These results suggest that the number of release sites and release probability of GABA and GABAA-mediated IPSC kinetics show distinct developmental profiles, which could play roles in regulating the onset and offset of critical periods for experience-dependent cortical plasticity.
European Journal of Neuroscience Published Online: 8 Aug 2008
Type A GABA receptors (GABAARs) are well established as the main inhibitory receptors in the mature mammalian forebrain. In recent years, evidence has accumulated showing that GABAARs are prevalent not only in the somatodendritic compartment of CNS neurons, but also in their axonal compartment.
Genetic abnormalities of the gene encoding {alpha}1 subunit of the sodium channel (SCN1A), which can be detected by direct sequencing, are present in more than 60% of patients with severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) or its borderline phenotype (SMEB).
The physiological, pathological, and clinical meaning of interictal spikes (IISs) remains controversial. We systematically analyzed the frequency, occurrence, and distribution of IISs recorded from multiple intracranial electrodes in 34 refractory epileptic patients with respect to seizures and antiepileptic drug (AED) changes.
Mutations in SCN2A, the gene encoding the brain voltage-gated sodium channel {alpha}-subunit Na V 1.2, are associated with inherited epilepsies including benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures (BFNIS). Functional characterization of three BFNIS mutations was performed to identify defects in channel function that underlie this disease.
The astrocyte-specific glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a key role in glutamate recycling and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism. Changes in the expression or activity of GS have been proposed to contribute to epileptogenesis.
Erythropoietin (EPO) has neuron and astroglial protective effects via reduction of tissue-injuring molecules such as reactive oxygen species, glutamate, inflammatory cytokines, and other damaging molecules.
Previous studies have documented a synaptic translocation of calcineurin (CaN) and increased CaN activity following status epilepticus (SE); however, the cellular effect of these changes in CaN in the pathology of SE remains to be elucidated. This study examined a CaN-dependent modification of the dendritic cytoskeleton.
Benign familial infantile seizures (BFIS) is a dominant idiopathic epilepsy with partial and secondarily generalized seizures with age of onset between 3 and 12 months. Here we describe a four-generation family with some characteristic features of BFIS but with unusual clinical signs, in eight affected members with an unusual clinical phenotype.
Cephalalgia, Volume 28, Number 9, September 2008 , pp. 991-993(3)
Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome is a rare headache syndrome classified among the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias.
Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 29(4):253-261, August 2008
The purpose of this study was to examine factors that affect parental burden and distress during the first few months following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children.
We aimed to evaluate the effect of epilepsy on the reproductive hormones levels among female patients, and to investigate the frequency of catamenial pattern of seizures.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 1 July 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.82
To compare quality of life (QOL) for people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their able-bodied peers and to investigate the relationship between QOL and disability (impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions) across the lifespan, for people with SCI.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 22 July 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.88
Total gastrointestinal transit times (GITT) and segmental colonic transit times (CTT) are commonly used to describe bowel function in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Spinal Cord advance online publication 17 June 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.72
To describe the sitting behaviors in community-dwelling manual wheelchair users (MWUs) with spinal cord injury (SCI) by using a custom data logger and to compare the sitting time parameters between the groups with paraplegia and tetraplegia.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 10 June 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.48
Identify and describe the body of literature pertaining to non-pharmacological management of orthostatic hypotension (OH) during the early rehabilitation of persons with a spinal cord injury (SCI).
Spinal Cord advance online publication 13 May 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.29
Retrospective study based on a reference paper. Neurological outcome in patients who were managed surgically with closed traumatic cervical spine injury was evaluated using the ASIA motor scoring system and Frankel grading.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 10 June 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.75
To determine the potential impact of rehabilitation care on associated symptoms and functional improvements of paraplegic patients with metastatic spinal cord compression.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 13 May 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.43
To compare mechanical ventilation (MV) with phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) for treatment of respiratory device-dependent (RDD) spinal cord-injured (SCI) patients.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 1 July 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.84
To describe two clinical examples of denervation hypersensitivity, an enhanced response to catecholamines demonstrated experimentally in tetraplegic patients.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 29 April 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.36
To evaluate the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in various body regions of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and its dependence on weight bearing activities during 2 years post injury.
Spinal Cord advance online publication 11 March 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.21
To quantify, in adults with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI): (1) presence of metabolic syndrome versus the general North American population (GP) and (2) 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk using Framingham risk scoring (FRS).
Spinal Cord advance online publication 24 June 2008; doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.83
To compare the differences in life satisfaction, quality, value and meaning of life, and mood between Chinese and British people with tetraplegia after the completion of rehabilitation.
Despite side effects associated with the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), withdrawal of AEDs remains controversial, even after prolonged seizure freedom.
The effects of thrombin, a blood coagulation serine protease, were studied in rat hippocampal slices, in an attempt to comprehend its devastating effects when released into the brain after stroke and head trauma.
We aimed to determine the likelihood of remission and its clinical predictors in adult patients meeting a strict definition of refractory epilepsy. We also wanted to investigate the influence of treatment regimen on remission.
The brain is heavily dependant on glucose for its function and survival. Hypoglycemia can have severe, irreversible consequences, including seizures, coma and death.
To determine whether nonconvulsive electrographic post-traumatic seizures result in increases in intracranial pressure and microdialysis lactate/pyruvate ratio.
Ion channelopathy plays an important role in human epilepsy with a genetic cause and has been hypothesized to occur in epilepsy after acquired insults to the CNS as well.
Diffusion tensor imaging evaluates the motion of water at the voxel level and can provide data on the structural integrity of brain tissue, with quantitative measures of diffusion and fractional anisotropy.
We report the case of a woman who displayed impaired object recognition following a severe head injury. Her elementary visual functions were substantially preserved, allowing her a coherent percept.
It has been reported that the cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, improves cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). However, this improvement was dominant for frontal lobe dysfunction, and the increase in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was minimal.
Neurocritical Care 1541-6933 (Print) 10.1007/s12028-008-9126-3
Cerebral air embolism is a rare cause of stroke, but may occur in patients undergoing invasive cardiac and pulmonary procedures, as well as in divers suffering pulmonary barotrauma from rapid ascent. Cerebral air embolism during air travel, however, is particularly rare.
To test the usefulness of the FLEP scale in diagnosing nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE), arousal parasomnias, and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD).
In patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) EEG during functional MRI (EEG-fMRI) has been successfully used to link changes in regional neuronal activity to the occurrence of generalized spike-and-wave (GSW) discharges.
Granule cell dispersion (GCD) appears as a characteristic morphological feature of the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). It has been suggested that this phenomenon could be due to an increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
We present a series of nine patients with early-onset hydrocephalus who had seizures and continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) associated with neurocognitive and motor deterioration.
To determine the effects of high-frequency electrical stimulation on electrographic seizure activity during and after stimulation (ON-effect and OFF-effect).
Epilepsy was a well-recognized disease in pre-Columbian cultures. However, anthropological studies about epilepsy in native cultures living at the present time are scarce.
ACTH is currently the standard first-line therapy for new-onset infantile spasms, but it has significant side effects. We hypothesized the ketogenic diet (KD), previously reported as beneficial for intractable infantile spasms, would have similar efficacy, but better tolerability than ACTH when used first-line.
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Published Online: 30 Jul 2008
Drug treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is mainly based on clinical experience and prospective and retrospective studies, with little evidence from randomized clinical trials.
ntracranial pseudoaneurysms are rare, particularly in children and adolescents. They are characterized by the presence of organizing hematoma and fibrosis without true vascular elements.
American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:1288-1295, August 2008
Conventional CT angiography (CTA) is acquired during only a short interval in the arterial phase, which limits its ability to evaluate the cerebral circulation.
Baseline hyperglycemia has been considered an independent predictor of stroke outcome. The present study analyzes the dynamics of serum glucose levels within the first 24 hours and its impact on stroke outcome.
The rate of stroke among warfarin-treated patients in SPORTIF V was approximately half that of patients enrolled in SPORTIF III (1.16%/year versus 2.30%/year). SPORTIF III was an open-label trial comparing ximelagatran with warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation.
American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:1242-1246, August 2008
Since its inception, endovascular coil technology has grown substantially as multiple manufacturers entered the market with an ever-increasing number of new products.
American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:1247-1256, August 2008
The basic principles of scintigraphy are reviewed and extended to 3D imaging. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a sensitive and specific 3D technique to monitor in vivo functional processes in both clinical and preclinical studies.
American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:1235-1241, August 2008
Arterial spin-labeling (ASL) is a powerful perfusion imaging technique capable of quickly demonstrating both hypo- and hyperperfusion on a global or localized scale in a wide range of disease states.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Volume 52, Number 7, August 2008 , pp. 1018-1020(3)
Alterations in electrolyte homeostasis associated with major surgery, intravenous fluid therapy, malnutrition, and critical illness are common but usually non-specific.
Limited information is available on stroke management in developing countries. An accurate monitoring of quality of stroke care will become crucial, particularly with the emerging paradigm of pay-for-performance.
Although a lower incidence of stroke has been observed in the Mediterranean area compared to other European countries, this is based on only a few studies.
Early postoperative stroke is an adverse syndrome after coronary bypass surgery. This report focuses on overcoming of cerebral ischemia as a result of haemodynamic instability during heart enucleation in off-pump procedure.
Limited data suggest that intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT ICH) is associated with more hemorrhage expansion and a worse prognosis than spontaneous ICH (SICH).
As a research community, we have failed to demonstrate that drugs which show substantial efficacy in animal models of cerebral ischemia can also improve outcome in human stroke.
Although cigarette smoking is known to be a risk factor for ischemic stroke, there are few data on the dose-response relationship between smoking and stroke risk in a young ethnically diverse population.
Waist circumference has been shown to be a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than body mass index (BMI). Our case-control study aimed to evaluate the contribution of obesity and abdominal fat mass to the risk of stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIA).
Cardiovascular and pulmonary factors contributing to impaired peak oxygen uptake (VO2) in patients with stroke (SP) are not well known. We assessed cardiovascular function, pulmonary gas exchange, and ventilation in SP and healthy age, gender, and activity-matched control subjects.
The aim of this study was to correlate CT angiography-source image (CTA-SI) parenchymal hypoattenuation with clinical outcome in patients with vertebrobasilar occlusion treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether allocentric and egocentric coordinate systems are congruently biased after hemisphere stroke, which would suggest a single underlying mechanism.
Latencies between seizure onset, propagation of ictal activity, and initial clinical symptoms and signs are critically important for the successful implementation of detection-based intervention systems in the treatment of epilepsy.
Conflicting evidence about impairment of attention systems and the absence of a working model of attention has contributed to lack of clarity about comorbidity of attention problems in rolandic epilepsy (RE). Impairments in distributed attention systems may inform a disease model for RE, as well as direct interventions.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 0167-594X (Print) 10.1007/s11060-008-9670-x
Despite aggressive antitumor treatment, the prognosis of brain tumor (BT) patients remains poor. In the last stage of disease, BT patients present severe symptoms due to the growing tumor or to treatment side-effects, which require adequate palliative management and supportive therapy.
Activating {beta}-catenin (CTNNB1) mutations can be identified in the majority of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (adaCP), suggesting an aberrant Wnt signaling pathway in this histopathologically peculiar tumor entity.
Central nervous system neoplasms with combined features of malignant glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (MG-PNET) are rare, poorly characterized, and pose diagnostic as well as treatment dilemmas.
To evaluate whether hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurotransmission are affected in patients with Huntington disease (HD), we immunohistochemically stained hypocretin and MCH neurons and estimated their total numbers in the lateral hypothalamus of both HD patients and matched controls.
Chordoid gliomas are rare, slow-growing neoplasms of the anterior third ventricle. We reported a case of chordoid glioma in a 41-year-old man with obstructive hydrocephalus. Histologically, the tumor consisted of polygonal epithelioid cells admixed with elongated cells in a myxoid stroma.
The role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in neurological development, function and degeneration has evolved from a simplistic physical adhesion to a system of intricate cellular signaling.
Pigmented orthochromatic leukodystrophy and hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids are two adult onset leukodystrophies with neuroaxonal spheroids presenting with prominent neurobehavioral, cognitive and motor symptoms.
Hypoglycosylation of {alpha}-dystroglycan underpins a subgroup of muscular dystrophies ranging from congenital onset of weakness, severe brain malformations and death in the perinatal period to mild weakness in adulthood without brain involvement. Mutations in six genes have been identified in a proportion of patients.
We aim to establish norms of fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in 20 different regions of the brain in healthy human volunteers.
We present an unusual case of ruptured infantile cerebral aneurysm. An eight-month-old infant was delivered to the hospital in poor condition, after convulsions, with no history of trauma.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 18 Mar 2008
To evaluate the feasibility and safety of head-neck cooling in conscious normal volunteers (10) and patients with medically refractory epilepsy (5) without causing shivering.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 13 Jul 2008
Despite several studies, estimates of the frequency with which auras occur in conjunction with epilepsy continue to be imprecise. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and characteristics of auras in a large population-based epilepsy cohort.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 29 May 2008
Recombinant human erythropoietin was produced soon after the discovery of the erythropoietin gene in 1985 and since then, it is used in various clinical conditions such as chronic renal failure.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 8 Jul 2008
Stroke is a disabling disease and can add to the burden of patients already suffering from cancer. Several major mechanisms of stroke exist in cancer patients, which can be directly tumour related, because of coagulation disorders, infections, and therapy related.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 13 Jul 2008
Different workers have reported racial disparities in the distribution of risk factors for stroke and stroke subtype (ischemic vs hemorrhagic). No transcultural transnational studies have been conducted to confirm and relate these disparities to one another.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 31 Mar 2008
The syndrome of limbic encephalitis (LE) is characterized by subacute onset of temporal lobe epilepsy, loss of short-term memory, cognitive confusion and psychiatric symptoms.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 28 Jun 2008
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a rare manifestation of medulla oblongata lesions that may be because of interruption of descending sympathoexcitatory axons.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 15 May 2008
Previous studies have found associations between Parkinson's disease (PD) and polymorphisms located within both the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) promoter and other gene regions.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 8 Jul 2008
To report long-term effects of thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) on activities of daily living (ADL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with essential tremor (ET).
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 31 Mar 2008
The geographic inequity and the wide variation in the patterns of care of stroke found across Europe together with the lack of health economics evaluation in Greece led to this prospective study, aiming to provide data on in-hospital direct cost of patients with an acute stroke in Greece, and to identify independent prognostic factors.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 8 Jul 2008
Drug-induced liver injury associated with antiepileptic drugs (AED) is well recognized. The frequency of the most common AED is rare but the consequences can be very serious leading to death or liver transplantation due to acute liver failure induced by these drugs.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 8 Jul 2008
To assess fluctuations in quality of life (QoL) and motor performance in patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD) treated with continuous daytime duodenal levodopa/carbidopa infusion or conventional therapy.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 8 Jul 2008
As a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF), LIGHT (TNFSF14) was recently found to be associated with platelets and released upon activation. Increased plasma levels of LIGHT have been reported in patients with myocardial infarction and unstable angina.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 8 Jul 2008
Acute confusion (AC) is a frequent reason for hospital admission in elderly patients. Although in majority of cases the cause is a systemic disorder (e.g., dehydration or septicaemia), patients are frequently subjected to cerebral imaging.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 8 Jul 2008
The use of telencephalin as a possible marker for altered cortical function as demonstrated by functional MRI was investigated in a pilot study with 16 patients with localization-related epilepsy and secondarily generalized seizures.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 8 Jul 2008
We describe the clinical features, treatment and prognosis in a series of patients with epilepsy secondary to hypothalamic hamarthomas (HH) in a developing country
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Published Online: 7 May 2008
In Norway, there are approximately 16000 strokes each year and 15% of these are caused by intracerebral hematomas. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results from the rupture of blood vessels within the brain parenchyma.
To evaluate the impact of early blood pressure (BP) changes on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion evolution and clinical outcome in patients with stroke treated with IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).
Assessment of the penetrance of disease-causing mutations is extremely important for developing clinical applications of gene discovery, such as genetic testing and counseling.
People with epilepsy are known to be at increased risk of death by drowning but there are few data available regarding the size of the risk. We aimed to quantify the risk using meta-analysis.
A 51-year-old right-handed woman was admitted to the hospital because of two syncopal episodes. Both events had similar features with sudden onset of loss of consciousness. There were no preceding symptoms.
To assess the utility, technical factors, and complications associated with the use of Onyx (Micro Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, CA) for preoperative embolization of cranial and spinal tumors.
To analyze the results of the surgical management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) when coil embolization (CE) was considered first but deemed inappropriate by our multidisciplinary groups.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 189-191
Toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS in whom it frequently presents as intracranial space-occupying lesions. In the immunocompetent patient the most common manifestation is as asymptomatic cervical lymphadenopathy which may be associated with vague systemic manifestations such as fever or myalgia.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 138-143
There has been sparse description of cortical dysplasias (CDs) causing intractable epilepsy from India. Aim: Clinical retrospective study of CDs causing intractable epilepsy that underwent surgery.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 151-155
Epileptic seizures, predominantly or exclusively during sleep had been the focus of attention for many electroencephalographers. Though few epileptic syndromes are associated with sleep seizures (SS) its frequencies in Indian patients is still unknown.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 116-121
The safest viral vector system for gene therapy is based on recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) up to date in Phase I clinical trials, which has been developed rapidly and applied for ischemic stroke gene therapy in animal experiments since the past seven years.
Neurology India
Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 212-213
Isolated nuclear involvement of the oculomotor nerve is uncommon. Typical features of a nuclear third nerve lesion include unilateral third nerve palsy, bilateral superior rectus palsy and bilateral incomplete ptosis.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 207-209
Craniopharyngioma constitutes about 3% of brain tumors and commonly presents in the first or second decade of life. Intraventricular craniopharyngiomas are rare and usually present in adults as squamous papillary type. A case of intraventricular adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma of the third ventricle in a child is documented here due to its rarity.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 192-194
Insulinoma presents with myriad manifestations and severe neurological deficit may develop due to delay in diagnosis. We report a lady who presented with Glasgow coma scale of E1 M2 V1, which did not improve after correction of hypoglycemia.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 218
A 60-year-old man presented with progressive spasticity, limb ataxia, scanning speech and urinary incontinence of three years duration. On examination he had orthostatic hypotension (systolic fall of 22 mmHg and diastolic fall of 10 mmHg), bilateral cerebellar signs, brisk deep tendon jerks, bilateral extensor plantars and cogwheel rigidity. Patient was diagnosed as probable Multiple System Atrophy (MSA-cerebellar).
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 205-206
Primary intraosseous or ectopic meningioma of the skull is a rare tumor accounting for about 1% of meningiomas. These arise in paranasal sinuses, neck, orbit and very rarely in diploe of cranial bones.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 167-172
Scalp is the most common site of soft tissue arteriovenous fistulae and surgical excision has been the primary mode of treatment. Endovascular treatment has evolved as an alternative to the surgery.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 122-126
Speech abnormalities are common to the three Parkinsonian syndromes, namely Parkinson's disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), the nature and severity of which is of clinical interest and diagnostic value.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 218-220
We present the case of a patient aged 45 years, a known hypertensive and hypothyroid on treatment developed features suggestive of raised intracranial pressure.
Neurology India Year : 2008 Volume : 56 Issue : 2 Page : 186-188
Aspergillus sellar abscess is a very rare form of fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS). In this report, we describe the successful treatment of a patient with aspergillus sellar abscess. A 65-year-old woman presented with headache, nasal discharge and decreased visual acuity.
Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 23(4):230-242, July/August 2008
A dearth of standardized assessment tools exists to properly assess and triage mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in primary care and acute care settings.
Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 23(4):197-208, July/August 2008
To investigate the relation of white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to cognitive and functional outcome of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2008), 14: 243-256
Increased computer use in clinical settings offers an opportunity to develop new neuropsychological tests that exploit the control computers have over stimulus dimensions and timing.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2008), 14: 318-326
Although the adverse consequences of changes in social behavior following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are well documented, relatively little is known about possible underlying neuropsychological deficits.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2008), 14: 257-265
Seventeen patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease completed a complex computer-based task that involved planning and management while also performing an attention-demanding secondary task.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2008), 14: 346-347
The Frontal Lobes: Development, Function and Pathology is an edited volume comprised of chapters that are the result of presentations at the annual Advanced Studies Institute sponsored by the International Neuropsychological Society (INS) and by the Vivian Smith Foundation.
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 31(3):247-251, September 2008
This is a prospective longitudinal descriptive study to prospectively evaluate quality of life (QoL) in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population in Northern India and identify any association between clinical variables and QoL; and, finally, to see the impact of remedial measures taken to improve QoL over time.
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 31(3):231-239, September 2008
This study was part of a Swedish interdisciplinary research project targeting accessibility problems in public transport for people with cognitive functional limitations (CFLs).
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 31(3):225-230, September 2008
Traditionally, rehabilitation professionals have viewed and studied leisure participation in terms of quantifiable activities. Advances in leisure studies have, however, led to recognition of the need for and value of examining leisure as a subjective experience too.
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