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Journal of Hospital Infection Volume 64, Issue 2 , October 2006, Pages 100-114
The epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 highlighted both short- and long-range transmission routes, i.e. between infected patients and healthcare workers, and between distant locations. With other infections such as tuberculosis, measles and chickenpox, the concept of aerosol transmission is so well accepted that isolation of such patients is the norm
Surgical bullectomy is the treatment of choice for giant emphysematous bulla. We report a case of successful nonsurgical treatment with bronchoscopic placement of one-way endobronchial valves that are currently under investigation for the treatment of end-stage emphysema. In patients who are poor surgical candidates, this noninvasive bronchoscopic treatment may represent a valuable alternative.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 118, Issue 4 , October 2006, Pages 885-891
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a widely used aromatic diisocyanate with the potential to cause asthma, reacts with albumin in the airway fluid, which acts as a carrier protein for chemical presentation to the immune system. Structural elucidation of TDI-albumin conjugates is crucial to understanding the human immune response to TDI exposure.
Recent reports suggest that small airway as well as large airway involvement in asthma is important. We investigate the therapeutic effects of a meter-dose inhaler of chrolofluorocarbon-beclomethasone dipropionate (CFC-BDP) and dry-powder fluticasone (DP-FP).
Allergy, Volume 61, Number 12, December 2006, pp. 1454-1458(5)
The clinical association of rhinitis and asthma has been recognized for centuries, leading to a current definition of `one airway, one disease'. Current findings indicate that the optimal treatment of rhinitis might improve coexisting asthma.
Clinical & Experimental Allergy, Volume 36, Number 11, November 2006, pp. 1391-1398(8)
Several polymorphisms in the IL-4 receptor α (IL4RA) gene have been associated with asthma and
atopy, but with variable success in different populations. Immunologic studies suggest that IL4RA may interact with other cytokines and receptors, and gene-gene interactions have also been observed with respect to asthma. Such interactions have been proposed to explain partly the difficulties in replicating association studies.
Allergy, Volume 61, Number 12, December 2006, pp. 1448-1453(6)
Asthma is a common chronic illness in childhood. The aim of the study was to examine time trends in the prevalence of asthma using the ISAAC questionnaire in 6- to 12-year-old schoolchildren in Istanbul and factors affecting asthma prevalence.
Chronic airway inflammation is a basic pathology of bronchial asthma and it is important to control the inflammation by anti-inflammatory therapy mainly with steroids.
Journal of General Internal Medicine, Volume 21, Number 12, December 2006, pp. 1317-1324(8)
To identify causal models of asthma and the context of conventional prescription versus complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in low-income African-American (AA) adults with severe asthma.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in patients with bronchiectasis, a chronic airway disease that is characterized by episodes of exacerbation, is associated with more severe disease and a higher utilization of health-care resources.
The Polyflex stent (Boston Scientific; Boston, MA) is a self-expanding, thin-walled, silicone stent. Its use has been described in the management of patients with malignant airway obstruction, yet reports of its use for treatment of benign airway conditions are rare.
Limited data prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suggested the possibility of an increased risk of COPD among those persons with HIV infection. We sought to determine whether HIV infection is associated with increased prevalence of COPD in the era of HAART.
Anaesthesia, Volume 61, Number 12, December 2006, pp. 1200-1203(4)
Acute pulmonary hypertension with life-threatening right heart failure may complicate the postoperative course following cardiothoracic surgery. Both inhaled nitric oxide and inhaled iloprost, a stable analogue of prostacyclin, have been used frequently for this purpose in acute pulmonary hypertension of various origins.
Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, Volume 26, Number 6, November 2006, pp. 376-379(4)
A 17-year-old patient who had sustained blunt thoracic trauma presented with severe hypoxaemia on admission and whole body computed tomography showed pulmonary contusion and substantial bilateral atelectasis. Oxygenation and lung mechanics did not improve with low tidal volume ventilation using high positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEPs). Therefore we applied an alveolar recruitment manoeuvre 7 h after admission. After alveolar recruitment, PEEP was titrated to the lowest level which prevented alveolar derecruitment.
Journal of Hospital Infection Volume 64, Issue 2 , October 2006, Pages 129-135
An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections affecting 17 patients was detected in the 27-bed intensive care unit (ICU) of a community hospital from 1 July to 30 September 2003. An ambidirectional cohort study was conducted to identify the risk factors for infection. Nosocomial infections were defined using the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Random arbitrary polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction was used for genotypic characterization.
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the United States. High rates of asthma hospitalization have been reported for some ethnic minorities; however, asthma hospitalization rates for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations of all ages have not been studied. In this study, we examined and compared hospitalization rates for AI/AN populations and the general population in the United States.
Despite the benefits of annual influenza vaccination, less than one third of the approximately 210 million Americans targeted for vaccination will receive flu shots this year.
Influenza remains an important cause of illness and deathin this country. Even though we have safe and effective vaccines, vaccination rates among the elderly and other high-risk groups remain statis and well below national goals.
A 36-year-old woman presented with left chest pain and frequent symptoms of upper respiratory infection. Chest roentgenograms revealed a left pneumothorax and apical bulla, and hyperlucency in the left pulmonary field. She was diagnosed with congenital bronchial atresia associated with a left spontaneous pneumothorax.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 174. pp. 997-1002, (2006)
Studies show that the myosin content of the diaphragm in patients with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is reduced, compromising diaphragm contractile performance. The mechanisms for reduced contractile protein content are unknown. In the present study we hypothesized that the loss of contractile protein content is associated with activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the diaphragm of patients with mild to moderate COPD.
The following two methods of inhalation challenge have been used to determine the airway responsiveness: the tidal-breathing method; and the dosimeter method. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of the challenge method on the response to adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP).
Current reviews on the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for acute asthma underestimated their early (minutes) clinical impact and produced conclusions of questionable validity.
Psychosocial factors play an important role in outcomes of asthma. Perceived control, a measure of patients’ beliefs about their ability to control their disease, has not been studied in association with asthma health outcomes.
To evaluate the correlation between FEV1 and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values expressed as a percentage of their predicted value, and to assess factors influencing differences between the two measurements.
Compliance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly variable. Recent studies suggest that the initial experience with CPAP may determine long-term success. We hypothesized that administration of a hypnotic medication to new CPAP users would facilitate acclimation and increase usage.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is the most common cause of death from infectious diseases. CAP patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission carry the highest mortality rates. This paper aims to review the current literature regarding epidemiology, risk factors, severity criteria and reasons for admitting the hospitalized patient to the ICU, and the empiric and specific antibiotic therapeutic regimens employed.
Interleukin (IL)-13 induces goblet cell metaplasia and plays an important role in mucus hypersecretion in asthma. We previously reported that IL-13 induced goblet cell differentiation along with less ciliated cell differentiation in guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in vitro.
Clinical Pulmonary Medicine. 13(6):315-320, November 2006
Despite over 50 years of clinical experience, many uncertainties persist with respect to the onset of action, dose-response characteristics, duration of treatment, and optimal route of administration of systemic steroids when used in the treatment of severe acute asthma.
Clinical Pulmonary Medicine. 13(6):353-355, November 2006
In 2005, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society published a set of unified, combined standards for the measurement and interpretation of the most commonly used pulmonary function tests: spirometry, diffusing capacity, and lung volumes. The standards also include a chapter on operational issues for pulmonary laboratories and on the interpretation of lung function tests. This article briefly describes the process of developing the standards, provides a few highlights from the standards, and gives information on how you can access them.
Over a 36-month study period, 10 nonconsecutive neuromuscular pediatric patients (6 infants, mean age 10.16 months, and 4 children, mean age 9.3 years) presenting with acute respiratory failure (ARF) were treated by noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV).
Hydrofluoroalkane-134a (HFA) has been shown to be a safe replacement for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as a pharmaceutical propellant, with the advantage that it has no ozone-depleting potential.
PEDIATRICS Vol. 118 No. 5 November 2006, pp. e1328-e1335
The purpose of this work was to determine the frequency of postnatal corticosteroid use and mortality and morbidities over time, particularly before and after the joint statement.
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 7(5):455-460, September 2006
To analyze the feasibility of using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered via a modified helmet to treat children with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure.
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery Volume 391, Number 5 / September, 2006 489-494
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is an immune-mediated transfusion reaction that can cause severe complications or even death. It is now the leading cause of transfusion-related death in the United States.
A previously healthy female presented with a 7-week history of dyspnoea on exertion following inhalation of a fluorochemical-based water repellent spray, which was applied to footwear, in the living area that she shared with 8 members of her family while on a hill walking holiday.
To establish whether the use of mechanical insufflation/exsufflation leads to a significant improve in tracheostomy subjects with upper spinal cord injuries (C1–C7), ASIA classification grade A and bronchial hyper secretion the following parameters: forced vital capacity
(FVC), forced exspiratory volume on the first second (FEV1),
FEV1/FVC, peak exspiratory flow (PEF), arterious pressure of O2 (Pa O2), arterious pressure of CO2 (Pa CO2), pH, saturation of O2 (Sa O2).
Clinical Pulmonary Medicine. 13(6):348-352, November 2006
Discontinuation from mechanical ventilation is one of the most frequently performed interventions in the critical care setting. Diverse underlying conditions or complications occurring during the period of mechanical ventilation can lead to weaning failure. After the different relatively common causes of failure to wean have been ruled out, a neurologic disorder should be excluded. In this case, the differential diagnoses must include critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP), neuromuscular junction defects, and myopathies.
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We describe a series of 4 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), concomitant PH, and biopsy-proven/presumed PVOD.
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews, Volume 2, Number 4, November 2006, pp. 431-438(8)
Approximately 4% of all individuals that develop pulmonary embolism will go on to have chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Patients with severe CTEPH will eventually be evaluated for thrombendarterectomy, the only curative treatment for this disease. However, only a subgroup of these patients is eligible for this invasive procedure. In addition, a number of patients will not benefit tremendously from thrombendarterectomy.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 174. pp. 1025-1033, (2006)
One consequence of endothelium-specific tyrosine kinase-2 (Tie2) receptor activation by angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is the release of endothelium-derived growth factors that recruit vascular wall cells. We investigated this process in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH).
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews, Volume 2, Number 4, November 2006, pp. 405-417(13)
Chronic renal failure may be associated with a wide spectrum of respiratory disorders, varying from relatively minor derangements in pulmonary function testing, to frank pulmonary edema. Although complications like uremic lung are becoming increasingly rare in these patients with timely initiation of dialysis, dialysis itself can also exert a transient deleterious influence on gas exchange.
Extremely preterm infants often develop chronic lung disease (CLD) characterized by heterogeneous aeration; poorly supported, floppy airways; and air trapping. High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) with high end-expiratory pressure (optimal lung volume strategy [OLVS]) may improve airway patency, lead to better gas distribution, improve gas exchange, and facilitate extubation.
Canadian Respiratory Journal October 2006, Volume 13, Number 7 : 381-383
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a relatively uncommon disease that presents clinically with symptoms ranging from hoarseness to severe dyspnea.
Journal of Bronchology. 13(4):218-220, October 2006
This 64-year-old man presented with cough, purulent expectoration, and hemoptysis for 5 years; received repeated courses of antibiotics. Computed tomography thorax revealed bronchiectasis. At flexible bronchoscopy, 2 betel nuts and a peanut were removed from both lower lobes and right upper lobe, respectively. After this, his symptoms improved. Though uncommon, multiple foreign body aspirations in different parts of the lung are possible. Bronchoscopists must perform thorough evaluation of the endobronchial tree after extraction of a foreign body to rule out such an occurrence.
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews, Volume 2, Number 4, November 2006, pp. 357-371(15)
Due to their long survival and high cumulative corticosteroid dose, COPD patients become susceptible to unusual microorganisms that commonly affect immunosuppressed patients. Among them, fungi such as Aspergillus and Pneumocystis jiroveci and a bacterium Nocardia, a slow growing Gram-positive and acid-fast staining filamentous branching rod, have been reported in the last decade.
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are widely used in combination with other classes of drugs for treatment of childhood asthma. The efficacy and the safety of montelukast added to low-dose ICS therapy were compared with those of sustained-release theophylline added to low-dose ICS therapy in asthmatic children in the present study.
Canadian respiratory Journal October 2006, Volume 13, Number 7 : 384-386
An 18-year-old man presented to the emergency department following an assault. He complained of left-sided pleuritic chest pain and difficulty breathing. Clinical examination revealed reduced air entry and coarse crepitations at the left lung base.
Respirology, Volume 11, Number 6, November 2006, pp. 767-775(9)
Few studies have assessed the effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroid therapy exclusively in Asian patients with asthma. The present analysis compared the efficacy of early intervention with inhaled budesonide in Caucasian and Asian patients over the first 3 years of the inhaled Steroid Treatment As Regular Therapy in early asthma study.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 118, Issue 4 , October 2006, Pages 809-816
We sought to evaluate the effects of variation in the B2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) on clinical response to salmeterol administered with fluticasone propionate.
Clinical & Experimental Allergy, Volume 36, Number 11, November 2006, pp. 1373-1381(9)
To detect differences in IL-8, TNF-α, IL-16 and IL-13 levels in the serum(s) of stable severe and mild-moderate asthmatics related to blood leucocytes proportion, airway calibre and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels.
The impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on exacerbations of COPD has never been evaluated. The aims of this investigation were to determine the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms in COPD patients and the effect of GER on the rate of exacerbations of COPD per year.
An increased risk of asthma symptoms has previously been shown in 772 pine sawmill workers. The aim of the current study was to assess the association between dust exposure, lung function and atopy.
The American Journal of Medicine Volume 119, Issue 10, Supplement 1 , October 2006, Pages 38-45
Severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are morbid events with slow recovery periods. They consume substantial healthcare resources, and they may cause a more rapid reduction in lung function over time.
Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 26(5):330-337, September/October 2006
The primary goal of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is for patients to achieve and maintain their maximum level of independence and functioning in the community. Traditional PR uses a predominantly aerobic/endurance approach to rehabilitation with little or no inclusion of exercises to increase strength.
A 39-year-old-woman was treated successfully by a combination of endobronchial and bronchial artery embolization for massive hemorrhage originating from the posterior segment of the right upper lobe.
To compare the reduction in hospitalizations resulting from widespread nonurgent hospital admission restrictions during the Toronto severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak with the expected increase in admissions resulting from an influenza pandemic in Toronto.
A physiological increase in muscle glutathione after training is not seen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), indicating abnormal peripheral muscle adaptations to exercise.
Canadian Respiratory Journal October 2006, Volume 13, Number 7 : 362-368
To describe COPD patients’ experiences with AEs, as well as health care professionals’
(HCPs’) attitudes toward the provision of an AP as part of self-management education.
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 12(6):402-408, November 2006
Patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMD) are especially vulnerable to sleep-related dysfunction. Sleep-disordered breathing often precedes diurnal respiratory failure in NMD patients, requiring timely recognition and management with noninvasive ventilation (NIV). This paper reviews the mechanisms, diagnostic evaluation, and management of sleep disorders in various neuromuscular diseases.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung condition of uncertain aetiology that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who experience breathlessness, cough and reduced exercise tolerance.
Pediatrics International, Volume 48, Number 5, October 2006, pp. 454-458(5)
The aim of the present study was to determine the microbial colonization of nebulizers used at home by asthmatic children, and to investigate their parents' cleaning and maintenance routines.
Respirology, Volume 11, Number 6, November 2006, pp. 776-781(6)
Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) has been regarded as a bridging therapy in the management of massive haemoptysis until a more definite therapy can be pursued. The long-term effectiveness of BAE and the factors associated with failure to control bleeding in an Asian setting of tuberculosis are unknown and were investigated.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 174. pp. 1132-1138
Because different species of animals also show inhomogeneous hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, we hypothesized that inhomogeneity of lung perfusion in general increases in hypoxia, but is more pronounced in HAPE-S. For best temporal and spatial resolution, regional pulmonary perfusion was assessed by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, Vol. 21, No. 6, 345-351
Older adults comprise 48% of the critically ill population in intensive care units and will continue to represent a substantial proportion of patients requiring intensive care for decades to come. Aging both decreases the reserve capacity of vital organs and increases the risk of concurrent illnesses that challenge the respiratory system, such as pneumonia, renal failure, or heart diseases.
Respiratory Medicine Volume 100, Issue 10 , October 2006, Pages 1800-1806
The present study evaluated the relationship between health status (HS) and peripheral muscle histochemical characteristics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and identified selected independent respiratory and extrapulmonary variables that predicted the HS of these patients.
Respirology, Volume 11, Number 6, November 2006, pp. 818-825(8)
Pulmonary epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (PEH) is a rare pulmonary neoplasm. A patient with PEH with lymph node and pleural metastases that were discovered incidentally is described.
Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 41, Issue 10 , October 2006, Pages e1-e4
The authors describe the case of a near-fatal airway obstruction requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The patient presented with severe respiratory distress owing to a bean impacted in the distal trachea. The foreign body could not be removed by bronchoscopy because of instability of the patient.
Esophageal carcinoma patients with coexisting severe emphysema are high risk surgical candidates. We hypothesize that simultaneous unilateral lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) allows us to offer esophageal tumor resection to patients previously considered inoperable.
Atopy and allergic phenotypes are biologically characterized by an imbalanced T helper cell response skewed towards a type 2 (TH2) immune response associated with elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Polymorphisms in cytokine genes might modulate regulation of the TH1/TH2 balance. We thus aimed at reproducing our previous findings from a European study population on the association of various cytokine polymorphisms with self-reported hay fever as well as increased total and specific IgE levels in two comparable study populations.
The optimal frequency of delivering a pulmonary rehabilitation program (PR) is not yet a well established issue. It is still unclear whether repeated PR at established intervals will result in effective maintenance or further improvement in the patient's health status.
Inhaled corticosteroids are the mainstay of asthma therapy; however, inhaled long-acting ß2-agonists
(LABAs) are frequently used in the treatment of patients with asthma. LABAs are combined with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids
(ICSs) for patients with severe persistent asthma, and they are combined with low-dose ICSs for patients older than 5 years with moderate persistent asthma. Recent safety concerns raised by data from the Salmeterol Multi-Center Research Trial (SMART) have indicated that use of LABAs in some populations may contribute to increased mortality.
Respiratory Medicine Volume 100, Issue 10 , October 2006, Pages 1817-1825
The aim of the study was to determine whether 16 sessions of exercise training, completed twice weekly, alters exercise capacity, quadriceps muscle metabolism, cross-sectional area (CSA) and strength in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD). We studied (a) 10 COPD subjects (mean age±sem=71±2 years; FEV1=0.99±0.1 L) before and after 16 sessions of exercise training, and (b) 10 healthy subjects (age=68±3 years).
Primary-care spirometry has been promoted as a method of facilitating accurate diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present study examined whether improving rates of diagnosis lead to improvements in pharmacological and nonpharmacological management.
Respirology, Volume 11, Number 6, November 2006, pp. 681-686(6)
In recent years, COPD has become increasingly thought of as a systemic disease affecting many tissues and organs in addition to the lungs. The skeletal muscles in particular have been the target of much research focusing on whether the universally observed exercise limitation reflects a systemic myopathic effect of COPD, or simply the consequences of extreme, long-term inactivity.
Respirology, Volume 11, Number 6, November 2006, pp. 748-754(7)
To investigate the utility and safety of the `Natural stent', a newly designed silicone airway stent, the authors compared clinical outcomes and complications in patients who underwent silicone airway stenting for the management of benign airway stenosis.
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 25(10):870-879, October 2006
Young children have a high incidence of influenza and influenza-related complications. This study compared the efficacy and safety of cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent (CAIV-T) with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in young children with a history of recurrent respiratory tract infections (RTIs).
To prospectively compare the effects of two computer-aided detection (CAD) systems on the detection of small pulmonary nodules at multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) by using a consensus panel decision as the reference standard.
Journal of Hospital Infection Volume 64, Issue 2 , October 2006, Pages 129-135
An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections affecting 17 patients was detected in the 27-bed intensive care unit (ICU) of a community hospital from 1 July to 30 September 2003. An ambidirectional cohort study was conducted to identify the risk factors for infection. Nosocomial infections were defined using the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Random arbitrary polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction was used for genotypic characterization.
Habitual cigarette smoking is associated with chronic mucus hypersecretion, but the relationship between mucus abnormalities and airflow obstruction in smokers is uncertain.
Clinical & Experimental Allergy, Volume 36, Number 10, October 2006, pp. 1247-1253(7)
We speculated TNF-a can be one of candidate gene for aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA) because TNF-a is pro-inflammatory cytokine and known to be increased level in asthmatic airways. In addition, genetic interaction between TNF-a and human antigen leucocyte (HLA) DPB1*0301, which is a strong genetic marker for AIA, was examined for its close location within chromosome 6.
The bronchial arteries supply systemic blood to the airways, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and nerves. Their structure has not been studied in patients with asthma.
Eosinophils are considered to be the major inflammatory cells in asthma. Since regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES) is a potent chemoattractant for various important inflammatory cells such as eosinophils as well as memory T cells potentially recruiting these cells to an inflamed focus, RANTES has been considered to play a key role in various allergic disorders such as asthma.
The inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio or "inspiratory fraction" (inspiratory capacity(IC)/total lung capacity (TLC)) may be functionally more representative than traditional indices of resting airflow limitation and lung hyperinflation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
PEDIATRICS Vol. 118 No. 4 October 2006, pp. 1418-1421
As a consequence of evolving medical practice, the epidemiology of potentially life-threatening upper airway infections is changing. We report our experience over 9 years with viral croup, epiglottitis, and bacterial tracheitis.
Studies of the efficacy of heliox in patients with severe asthma have shown mixed results. Among the factors that are responsible for variable outcomes, the failure of heliox delivery systems to prevent room air entrainment (RAE) during B-agonist delivery is probably the most critical.
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