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Infection and Immunity, March 2007, p. 1463-1472, Vol. 75, No. 3
Iron acquisition systems are essential for the in vivo growth of bacterial pathogens. Despite the epidemiological importance of Klebsiella pneumoniae, few experiments have examined the importance of siderophores in the pathogenesis of this species. A previously reported signature-tagged mutagenesis screen identified an attenuated strain that featured an insertional disruption in ybtQ, which encodes a transporter for the siderophore yersiniabactin.
Anomalies within the bronchial tree anatomy are being recognized more readily with modern imaging and investigative techniques. Bronchoscopy, selective bronchography, computed tomography with 3-dimensional reconstruction, and magnetic resonance images have broadened the potential of visualization and imaging of lung anatomy.
European Urology Supplements Volume 6, Issue 9 , April 2007, Pages 585-593
Sleep is a vital element in a human's general health. However, sleep may lose its "healing" function, especially through ageing. Sleep in the elderly is characterised by less restorative sleep and more frequent awakenings.
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2007, pp. 57-68(12)
Cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress enhances inflammation through the activation of stress kinases (JNK, ERK, p38) and redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-k B and AP-1 resulting in increased expression of distinct pro-inflammatory mediators.
Sleep Medicine Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2007, Pages 156-159
The qualitative presence of microsleep during the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) has been shown to correlate with an increased incidence of subjective complaints of sleepiness, tiredness, accidents/near accidents, and gap driving.
A growing number of case reports suggest that pulmonary disease occurs in association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) more frequently than previously recognized. Screening studies have also identified pulmonary abnormalities in a significant proportion of IBD patients.
Chronic hypoxia induces pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and hypertrophy are important contributors to the remodeling that occurs in chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasculature. We hypothesized that rapamycin (RAPA), a potent cell cycle inhibitor, prevents pulmonary hypertension in chronic hypoxic mice.
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2007, pp. 39-47(9)
Although chlorine and most of its derivates are known toxic agents, it has been pronounced as a safe disinfectant for water treatments. More detailed analyses and extended studies concerning chlorine safety have only started recently.
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially fatal disease with risks of recurrent venous thrombotic events (venous thromboembolism [VTE]) and major bleeding from anticoagulant therapy. Identifying risk factors for recurrent VTE, bleeding, and mortality may guide clinical decision making.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 175. pp. 464-472, (2007)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with increased numbers of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the lung, but the functional activity of CTLs remains unknown. Granzyme A (GrA) and B (GrB) are serine proteases considered to be important effector molecules of CTLs and natural killer cells.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can lead to significant cardiac dysfunction and is considered to be associated with an increased risk of perioperative cardiovascular complications.
The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation Volume 26, Issue 2 , February 2007, Pages 127-131
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who are listed for lung transplantation may require mechanical ventilatory support before transplant. Although CF is a risk factor for poor outcomes in adults, no data currently exist pertaining to pre-transplant ventilatory support in children with CF.
Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is a common consequence of systemic hypertension (SH) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, little is known about the degree of LV involvement in patients with OSA coexisting with treated SH.
Hypoxemia can complicate bronchoscopy. Common causes of hypoxemia during bronchoscopy include preexisting lung disease, upper airway obstruction, pneumothorax and bleeding secondary to either transbronchial lung biopsy or another interventional bronchoscopic procedure, hypoventilation, oversedation, and laryngospasm.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a key pro-inflammatory mediator. A 5-CATT repeat functional polymorphism within the promoter of the gene was previously associated with the lowest promoter activity. It was hypothesised that patients exhibiting a 5-CATT allele would have a less aggressive inflammatory response with an associated less severe clinical phenotype in sarcoidosis.
Respiratory Medicine Volume 101, Issue 2 , February 2007, Pages 359-362
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is known to result from many causes, such as post-bone marrow transplantation, autoimmune and infectious causes, and from drugs. We report a 16-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and referred for pulmonary evaluation prior to bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2007, pp. 7-13(7)
About 5% of asthmatics do not behave like `classical' asthmatics and may not respond adequately to conventional therapy. The terms used to describe such non-responders include severe, refractory, near fatal, difficult and difficult to control asthma. Within the umbrella term of severe or refectory asthma, there are distinct sub-phenotypes including brittle asthma.
Sleep Medicine Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2007, Pages 128-134
To assess the outcome of rapid maxillary expansion in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
(OSAS) in children, we studied 16 patients (mean age 6.6 ± 2.0; 9 males) with dental malocclusion, a body mass index <85 percentile, and OSAS confirmed by
polysomnography.
Sleep Medicine Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2007, Pages 160-168
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive nighttime obstructions of the upper airway that induce hypoxemia, hypercapnia, sympathetic activation, and arousals. This disorder induces cardiovascular autonomic imbalance and contributes to the development of hypertension. While the diagnostic and prognostic utility of exercise testing is well established in cardiology, the clinical utility of the exercise test in screening for OSA has not been carefully explored.
Respiratory Medicine Volume 101, Issue 2 , February 2007, Pages 366-369
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare, heterogeneous diffuse lung disease in childhood. We report a case of an asymptomatic 13-year old girl with PAP. She had radiolographic findings suggesting the diagnosis, which was confirmed by the "milky" bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the histology of transbronchial biopsy.
Medical and public health importance of pneumococcal infections justifies the implementation of measures capable of reducing their incidence and severity, and explains why the recently marketed heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) has been widely studied by pediatricians.
In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it is well known that only part of the lungs is aerated and surfactant function is impaired, but the extent of lung damage and changes in surfactant turnover remain unclear. The objective of the study was to evaluate surfactant disaturated-phosphatidylcholine turnover in patients with ARDS using stable isotopes.
The aims of this study were to verify the feasibility of respiratory function tests and to assess their validity in the diagnosis of respiratory disorders in young children.
Familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH) was first described more than 50 years ago. Before the availability of modern genetic tools, studies of the genealogies demonstrated that these cases segregated as an autosomic dominant trait, with an incomplete penetrance and a genetic anticipation phenomenon by which age at onset of the disease is decreasing in the subsequent generations.
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2007, pp. 85-92(8)
There is a close relationship among the types of sleep apnea (central, obstructive, and mixed) in regard to both the pathogenesis and in the clinical management of sleep apnea syndromes.
Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations are found in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Respiratory Medicine Volume 101, Issue 3 , March 2007, Pages 539-546
This paper describes a population-based study of health care resource use of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared to non-COPD controls.
Respiratory Medicine Volume 101, Issue 3 , March 2007, Pages 490-495
Rhinosinusitis is highly associated with aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA). The risk of aspirin intolerance is higher in people with rhinosinusitis than in those without it.
Psychological factors such as anxiety, depressive disorders and/or personality disorders may predispose patients with asthma to near fatal asthma (NFA) or fatal asthma (FA).
Infiltration of inflammatory cells in bronchial mucosa and glandular hypersecretion are hallmarks of asthma. It has been postulated that exhaled breath condensate (EBC) mirrors events in epithelial lining fluid of airways, such as presence of local inflammation as well as glandular hypersecretion.
European Radiology, Volume 17, Number 2, February 2007, pp. 449-466(18)
The incidental finding of a pulmonary nodule on computed tomography (CT) is becoming an increasingly frequent event. The discovery of such a nodule should evoke the possibility of a small bronchogenic carcinoma, for which excision is indicated without delay. However, invasive diagnostic procedures should be avoided in the case of a benign lesion.
Respirology, Volume 12, Number 2, March 2007, pp. 234-239(6)
The aims of this study were to describe the frequency and radiographical characteristics of pleural effusions in a large population of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and characterize the pleural fluid biochemistry in those patients who underwent diagnostic thoracentesis.
American Heart Journal Volume 153, Issue 1 , January 2007, Pages 104.e1-104.e7
Patients with heart failure (HF) display a number of breathing abnormalities including periodic breathing (PB) at rest. Although the mechanism(s) contributing to PB remain unclear, we examined whether changes in pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) alter PB in patients with established HF.
A 55-year-old man with acute myocardial infarction and no heart failure, had episodes of severe oxygen desaturation and apnea, while his hemodynamic parameters were stable. Sleep recordings revealed severe sleep apnea, and pulmonary function tests showed bronchial obstruction.
The relationship between marijuana smoking and pulmonary function or respiratory complications is poorly understood; therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the impact of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 175. pp. 436-441, (2007)
Over the last 30 years, the prevalence of overweight across all pediatric age groups and ethnicities has increased substantially, with the current prevalence of overweight among adolescents estimated to be approximately 30%. Current evidence suggests that overweight is modestly associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) among young children, but strongly associated with OSAS in older children and adolescents.
Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 26-January-2007, Vol 120 No 1248
A large majority of children in New Zealand attend daycare centres and kindergartens early in life. Overseas studies have demonstrated a possible protective effect of daycare attendance against asthma and allergy later in life.
The Journal of Pediatrics Volume 150, Issue 1 , January 2007, Page 114
In children with early wheezing, does the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) prevent loss of lung function or reduce the incidence of asthma later in childhood?
The analysis of the number and size of low-attenuation clusters has been adopted as quantitative computed tomography (CT) analysis of emphysema; however, a detailed examination has not been made on the relation between the number of various cluster sizes and the extent of emphysema.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive condition characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation that is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung.
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is proving to be a technique which can sample markers of lung inflammation; however, many factors affect the collection process.
Respirology, Volume 12, Number 2, March 2007, pp. 295-298(4)
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome is a disease of hereditary telangiectasia with involvement of multiple visceral organs. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a frequent clinical manifestation, that may mimic pulmonary mass.
Obesity Reviews, Volume 8, Number 2, March 2007, pp. 119-127(9)
Obesity is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Associated conditions include insulin resistance (IR), diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia; a clustering of these has recently been termed as metabolic syndrome.
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. Vol. 36, pp. 263-269, 2007
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) has recently been identified as one of the key intracellular sensors of virus infection. RIG-I binds to cytosolic double-stranded RNA and initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of transcription factors required for expression of type I interferon (IFN-I). Previous evidence suggests that nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) encoded by influenza A virus (IAV) suppresses IFN-I secretion in virus-infected cells by an unknown mechanism.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases Volume 11, Issue 1 , January 2007, Pages 11-15
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pneumococcal hyaluronidase, alone and in combination with pneumolysin (50 and 100 ng/ml), on human ciliated epithelium.
Respirology, Volume 12, Number 2, March 2007, pp. 288-290(3)
Pleural effusion (PE) is a common and serious complication of respiratory disease that often requires drainage. Forty-four patients whose PE were successfully treated with a Cystofix catheter are reported.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases Volume 11, Issue 1 , January 2007, Pages 40-47
During the 2002-2003 season, a new variant of influenza B co-circulated with influenza A viruses. This study examines the characteristics and outcomes of children with influenza A and B virus infection vs. other acute respiratory illnesses.
The Journal of Pediatrics Volume 150, Issue 2 , February 2007, Pages 162-167
To assess the comparative efficacy of fluticasone propionate (FP) and montelukast (MON), using administrative claims for pediatric asthma in a clinical setting.
Allergy & Clinical Immunology International - Journal of the World Allergy Organization January 2007 , Vol 19 , No. 1
Histological examination of biopsies from asthma obtained during bronchoscopy has highlighted the presence of increased vessel numbers and vascularity in the submucosa.
European Radiology, Volume 17, Number 2, February 2007, pp. 467-473(7)
The purpose was evaluating retrospectively the additional value of integrated positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) in the detection of pulmonary metastases in comparison with CT and PET alone.
To evaluate the relationship between the severity of bronchiectatic diseases, as evident on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and the patient's quality of life measured using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).
We previously reported that sputum levels of procollagen type I C-terminal peptide (PICP), a marker of ongoing collagen type I deposition, are increased in proportion to airway inflammation in asthma patients.
The measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) can assist in the diagnosis of asthma and may also act as a useful surrogate inflammatory marker on which to base treatment decisions in asthma management algorithms.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2007;78:295-297
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is suggested to be associated with peripheral nerve damage. A case-control study was conducted to provide further support to this observation.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2007;78:222
Chronic sensory or sensorimotor polyneuropathy is a common clinical problem referred to neurologists. Even with modern diagnostic approaches, up to one third of them remain unclassified.
Limited data are available concerning patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for severe haemoptysis. We reviewed a large series of patients managed in a uniform way to describe the clinical spectrum and outcome of haemoptysis in this setting, and better define the indications for bronchial artery embolisation (BAE).
This work aimed to investigate accessory respiratory muscle oxygenation (RMO2) during exercise, using near-infrared spectroscopy, and to study relationships between RMO2 kinetics and breathing parameters.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 175. pp. 480-489, (2007)
To investigate the impact of intensive insulin therapy on polyneuropathy/myopathy and treatment with prolonged mechanical ventilation in medical patients in the intensive care unit for at least 7 days.
Respiratory Medicine Volume 101, Issue 3 , March 2007, Pages 525-530
To estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a population of general practice patients at risk for developing COPD. A further aim was to evaluate the presence of respiratory symptoms as a predictor for the diagnosis of COPD.
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a byproduct of the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) that was shown to be of prognostic value in pulmonary hypertension (PH).
Limiting the effects of a large-scale bioterrorist anthrax attack will require rapid and accurate detection of the earliest victims. We undertook this study to improve physicians’ ability to rapidly detect inhalational anthrax victims.
Airway management in the ICU can be complicated due to many factors including the limited physiologic reserve of the patient. As a consequence, the likelihood of difficult mask ventilation and intubation increases.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and primary aldosteronism are common in subjects with resistant hypertension; it is unknown, however, if the two disorders are causally related. This study relates plasma aldosterone and renin levels to OSA severity in subjects with resistant hypertension, and in those with equally severe OSA but without resistant hypertension serving as control subjects.
Appropriateness for lung volume reduction surgery is often determined based on the results of high-resolution CT (HRCT) scanning of the chest. At many centers, radiologists and pulmonary physicians both review the images, but the agreement between readers from these specialties is not known.
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